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military version

Толкование Перевод

1 military version

военный вариант

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > military version
2 version

вариант, см. тж. variant; модификация; вариант исполнения ( прибора)

reheat version of the engine — форсажный вариант двигателя

— air superiority version

— airborne version

— all-weather version

— antisubmarine version

— blown version

— bypass version

— carrier-deployed version

— cold-weather version

— combat-trainer version

— crane version

— definitive version

— derated version

— domestic version

— double-deck version

— drone version

— dry version

— electronic warfare version

— elongated version

— extended-range version

— fan version

— fast-burning version

— float-plane version

— glazed-nose version

— growth version

— high-altitude version

— high-density version

— infrared-seeking version

— initial production version

— intercontinental version

— intermediate version

— international version

— jamming version

— landplane version

— long-bodied version

— long-range version

— low-altitude version

— manned version

— maritime version

— military cargo version

— military version

— mixed-traffic version

— nonafterburning version

— nonrecoverable version

— photographic-reconnaissance version

— photographic-surveying version

— pilot training version

— preproduction version

— pressurized version

— production version

— prototype version

— reconnaissance version

— recoverable version

— scaled-down version

— scaled-up version

— single-seated version

— sleeper version

— solid-state version

— stretched version

— stripped-down version

— supersonic version

— surveillance version

— swing-nose version

— swing-tail version

— tandem two-seat version

— target-towing version

— test-bed version

— trainer version

— turbojet version

— two-package version

— two-seated version

— two-stage version

— unarmed version

— unpressurized version

— varied-mission versions

— V-G version

— v-g version

— wheeled version

— wide-freight-door version

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > version
3 version

вариант; модификация,

см. тж. variant

afterburning version

air force version

anti-surface warfare version

business aviation version

carrier-based version

combat capable version

combi version

cranked-wing version

cropped-fan version

cut-down version

dual-pilot version

extended-range version

firefighting version

flight inspection version

freight version

freighter version

intruder version

land version

military airlift version

naval version

navalised version

nonafterburning version

nonaugmented version

refanned version

scaled-up version

side loading version

single-tail version

six-abreast version

STOL version

tanker version

turbine-powered version

unreheated version

up-rated version

upgraded version

utility version

Авиасловарь > version
4 military specifications

= mil-spec

военные технические условия

в электронике - определяют гораздо более строгие требования к компонентам и изделиям по условиям эксплуатации, чем приняты для коммерческих интегральных схем. Например, mil-spec version - военная версия изделия

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > military specifications
5 military airlift version

военно-транспортный вариант <ЛА>

Авиасловарь > military airlift version
6 military cargo version

военно-транспортный вариант (ЛА)

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > military cargo version
7 draft

Ⅰ.

draft¹ [drɑ:ft]

1 noun

(a) (of letter) brouillon m; (of novel, speech) premier jet m, ébauche f; (of plan, treaty) avant-projet m;

∎ this is only the first draft ceci n'est qu'une ébauche;

∎ the first draft of a novel le premier jet d'un roman

(b) Commerce & Finance traite f, effet m;

∎ a draft on my bank in England for £500 une traite de 500 livres sur ma banque en Angleterre

(c) Military (detachment → of troops) détachement m; (→ of recruits) contingent m

(d) American Military conscription f;

∎ he left in order to avoid the draft il est parti pour éviter de faire son service

(e) American (beer) pression f

2 transitive verb

(a) (draw up → first version) faire le brouillon de, rédiger; (→ diagram) dresser; (→ plan) esquisser, dresser; Law (→ contract, will) rédiger, dresser; (→ bill) préparer

(b) (recruit) détacher, désigner;

∎ to draft sb to sth/to do sth détacher qn à qch/pour faire qch

(c) American Military (enlist) appeler (sous les drapeaux), incorporer;

∎ he was drafted into the army il fut appelé sous les drapeaux

(d) Australian & New Zealand (cattle, sheep) trier

(e) (in stonework) appareiller

3 compound-forming noun

(agreement) préliminaire

►► American Military draft board conseil m de révision;

draft budget projet m de budget;

American Military draft card ordre m d'incorporation;

American Military draft dodger réfractaire m;

American Military draft dodging insoumission f;

draft letter (gen) brouillon m de lettre; (formal) projet m de lettre;

British Computing draft mode mode m rapide ou brouillon;

Computing draft printout brouillon m;

British Computing draft quality qualité f brouillon;

Computing draft quality printing impression f en qualité brouillon;

American Military draft resister réfractaire m;

draft treaty projet m de convention;

Computing draft version version f brouillon

➲ draft in separable transitive verb

(experts, police) faire venir, faire appel à; (employees) recruter;

∎ could we draft in some outside help? est-ce que nous pourrions obtenir de l'aide à l'extérieur?

Ⅱ.

draft² American = draught

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > draft
8 draft

1. noun
1) (rough copy) (of speech) Konzept, das; (of treaty, parliamentary bill) Entwurf, der; attrib.

draft copy/version — Konzept, das

2) (plan of work) Skizze, die; [Bau-, Riß-]zeichnung, die

3) (Mil.): (detaching for special duty) Sonderkommando, das; (Brit.): (those detached) Abkommandierte Pl.

4) (Amer. Mil.): (conscription) Einberufung, die; (those conscripted) Wehrpflichtige Pl.; Einberufene Pl.

5) (Commerc.): (cheque drawn) Wechsel, der; Tratte, die

6) (Amer.) see academic.ru/22251/draught">draught
2. transitive verb
1) (make rough copy of) entwerfen

2) (Mil.) abkommandieren

3) (Amer. Mil.): (conscript) einberufen

* * *
1. noun
1) (a rough sketch or outline of something, especially written: a rough draft of my speech.) der Abriß

2) (a group (of soldiers etc) taken from a larger group.) die Abteilung

3) (an order (to a bank etc) for the payment of money: a draft for $80.) die Abhebung

4) ((American) conscription: He emigrated to avoid the draft.) die Einberufung
2. verb
1) (to make in the form of a rough plan: Could you draft a report on this?) abfassen

2) ((American) to conscript into the army etc: He was drafted into the Navy.) einziehen

•

- dodge the draft
- draft dodger
- draft evasion
- draftsman
* * *

draft

[drɑ:ft, AM dræft]

I. n

1. (preliminary version) Entwurf m, SCHWEIZ a. Brouillon m

first \draft erster Entwurf, Konzept nt

preliminary \draft Vorentwurf m

rough \draft Rohfassung f, Rohentwurf m

2. no pl esp AM (military conscription) Einberufung f, Einziehung f, Aufgebot nt SCHWEIZ

\draft card Einberufungsbescheid m, Aufgebot nt SCHWEIZ

\draft order Einberufungsbefehl m, Aufgebot nt SCHWEIZ

3. no pl esp AM (conscripted persons) Wehrpflichtige pl, Rekruten pl

4. esp BRIT ECON, FIN Zahlungsanweisung f, [gezogener] Wechsel, Tratte f fachspr

bank \draft Bankwechsel m, Banktratte f

banker's \draft Bankscheck m

\draft at sight Sichtwechsel m

5. AM see draught

II. n modifier

1. (preliminary) Entwurfs-

\draft budget Haushaltsentwurf m, Haushaltsvorlage f

\draft contract Vertragsentwurf m

\draft law Gesetzesvorlage f/-entwurf m

\draft letter Entwurf m eines Briefes [o Schreibens]

to be still in the \draft stages sich akk noch im Entwurfsstadium befinden

2. esp AM (relating to military conscription) Einberufungs-, Aufgebots- SCHWEIZ

\draft board Wehrersatzbehörde f, Musterungskommission f, Stellungskommission f ÖSTERR

district \draft board Kreiswehrersatzamt nt, regionale Stellungskommission ÖSTERR

\draft exemption Befreiung f vom Wehrdienst [o SCHWEIZ a. Militärdienst

III. vt

1. (prepare)

▪ to \draft sth etw entwerfen [o skizzieren]

to \draft a bill [or law] einen Gesetzentwurf verfassen

to \draft a contract einen Vertrag aufsetzen

to \draft a plan einen Plan entwerfen

to \draft a proposal einen Vorschlag ausarbeiten

2. esp AM MIL

▪ to \draft sb jdn einziehen [o einberufen]

to \draft sb into the army jdn zum Wehrdienst einberufen

3. SPORT, NAUT

▪ to \draft sth im Kielwasser von etw dat schwimmen

draught, AM usu draft

[drɑ:ft, AM dræft]

I. n

1. (air current) [Luft]zug m kein pl

there's a \draft every time that door is opened jedes Mal, wenn die Tür aufgeht, zieht es

to feel the \draft ( fig) in der Klemme sitzen fam

he's feeling the \draft right now ihm geht allmählich das Geld aus

to sit in a \draft im Zug sitzen

2. ( form: act of drinking) Zug m kein pl, Schluck m kein pl

a \draft of beer ein Schluck Bier

3. PHARM ( dated) Dosis f

4. no pl

on \draft vom Fass

beer on \draft Fassbier nt, Bier nt vom Fass

5. (of ship) Tiefgang m kein pl

6. BRIT, AUS (game)

▪ \drafts pl Damespiel nt, Dame

to play \draft Dame spielen

II. adj attr, inv

1. (in cask) vom Fass, Fass-

\draft beer Bier nt vom Fass, Fassbier nt

2. (used for pulling loads) Zug-

\draft animal Zugtier nt

* * *
I (US) [drAːft]
n

1) (Luft)zugm; (= through draught) Durchzugm; (for fire) Zugm

there's a terrible draught in here — hier zieht es fürchterlich

I'm sitting in a draught — ich sitze im Zug

are you in a draught? — ziehts Ihnen?

there's a draught blowing round the back of my neck —

open the flues to increase the draught — mach die Klappen auf, damit der Ofen mehr Zug bekommt

he's beginning to feel the draught (fig inf) — ihm wird allmählich das Geld knapp

2) (= swallow, drink) Zugm

a draught of mead — ein Schluck m Met

3) (= draught beer) Fassbiernt

on draught — vom Fass

4) (NAUT) Tiefgangm

5) (MED)

sleeping draught — Schlaftrunk m

6) (of fish) Fischzugm

7) pl (Brit: game) Damespielnt; (+pl vb = pieces) Damesteinepl

8) (= rough sketch) = draft

See:

= draft
II [drAːft]
1. n

1) (= rough outline) Entwurfm (also Comput)

2) (FIN, COMM) Wechselm, Trattef

3) (MIL: group of men) Sonderkommandont

4) (US MIL = group of conscripts) Rekrutenpl; (= conscription) Einberufung (zum Wehrdienst)

5)

See:

= draught

6) (COMPUT) Entwurfm; (printer command) Entwurfsqualitätf, Draft(druck)m

2. vt

1) letter, speech, bill, contract entwerfen

2) (US MIL) conscript einziehen, einberufen (into zu)

to draught sb to do sth (Mil) (fig) — jdn dazu abkommandieren, etw zu tun jdn beauftragen, etw zu tun

he was draughted into the England squad — er wurde für die englische Nationalmannschaft aufgestellt

3. attr (COMPUT)
Draft-
draught mode — Draft-Modus m, Draftmodus m

* * *

draft, besonders Br (für 3, 5, 14, 22, 23) draught [drɑːft; US dræft]

A s

1. Skizze f, Zeichnung f

2. Entwurf m:

a) Skizze f (für eine künstlerische Arbeit)

b) Riss m (für Bauten, Maschinen etc)

c) Konzept n (für ein Schriftstück etc):

draft agreement Vertragsentwurf;

draft law Gesetzentwurf

3. (Luft-, Kessel-, Ofen)Zug m:

there is an awful draft es zieht fürchterlich;

feel the draught Br umg den Wind im Gesicht spüren fig, in finanziellen Nöten sein;

sit in a draft im Zug sitzen;

protect a plant from drafts eine Pflanze vor Zugluft schützen

4. TECH Zugreguliervorrichtung f (an einem Ofen etc)

5. a) Ziehen n

b) gezogene Menge oder Last

6. fig Heranziehen n, Inanspruchnahme f, starke Beanspruchung ( alle:

on, upon gen):

make a draft on Hilfsmittel etc heranziehen, in Anspruch nehmen;

make a draft on sb’s friendship jemandes Freundschaft in Anspruch nehmen

7. Abhebung f (von Geld):

make a draft on one’s account Geld von seinem Konto abheben

8. WIRTSCH

a) schriftliche Zahlungsanweisung

b) Scheck m

c) Tratte f, (trassierter) Wechsel

d) Ziehung f, Trassierung f:

draft (payable) at sight Sichttratte, -wechsel;

make out a draft on sb auf jemanden einen Wechsel ziehen

9. Abordnung f, Auswahl f, (von Personen)

10. MIL US

a) Einberufung f, Einziehung f

b) Aufgebot n, Wehrdienstpflichtige pl

11. MIL

a) (Sonder)Kommando n, (abkommandierte) Abteilung

b) Ersatz(truppe) m(f)

12. WIRTSCH

a) Überschlag m (der Waage)

b) Gutgewicht n (für Verluste beim Auswiegen etc)

13. Gießerei: Verjüngung f, Konizität f (des Modells)

14. SCHIFF Tiefgang m

15. → draught A

B v/t

1. entwerfen, skizzieren, ein Schriftstück aufsetzen, abfassen

2. (fort-, ab-, weg)ziehen

3. Personen (zu einem bestimmten Zweck) auswählen

4. MIL

a) US (zum Wehrdienst) einberufen, einziehen ( into zu)

b) Truppen abkommandieren

5. besonders Eishockey: US einen Spieler draften, sich die Rechte sichern an (dat)

6. Aus Schafe etc aussortieren

C v/i besonders Automobilsport: im Windschatten fahren

D adj

1. Zug…:

draft animal;

draft horse;

draft ga(u)ge TECH Zugmesser m

2. MIL

a) US Einberufungs…:

draft act Rekrutierungsgesetz n;

draft board Musterungskommission f;

draft dodger pej Drückeberger m

b) US einberufen

c) abkommandiert

* * *
1. noun
1) (rough copy) (of speech) Konzept, das; (of treaty, parliamentary bill) Entwurf, der; attrib.

draft copy/version — Konzept, das

2) (plan of work) Skizze, die; [Bau-, Riß-]zeichnung, die

3) (Mil.): (detaching for special duty) Sonderkommando, das; (Brit.): (those detached) Abkommandierte Pl.

4) (Amer. Mil.): (conscription) Einberufung, die; (those conscripted) Wehrpflichtige Pl.; Einberufene Pl.

5) (Commerc.): (cheque drawn) Wechsel, der; Tratte, die

6) (Amer.) see draught
2. transitive verb
1) (make rough copy of) entwerfen

2) (Mil.) abkommandieren

3) (Amer. Mil.): (conscript) einberufen

* * *

(US) n.

Zug ¨-e (Schornstein) m. (payable) at sight (banking) n.

Sichtwechsel m. (banking) n.

Tratte -n f. (military) n.

Einberufung f. n.

Ausarbeitung f.

Einziehung (Militär) f.

Entwurf -¨e m.

Scheck -s m.

Skizze -n f.

Trassierung f.

Zahlungsanweisung f.

Zeichnung f.

Ziehung -en f. (into) v.

einberufen v.

einziehen (zu)

(Militär) ausdr. (military) v.

abkommandieren (Militär) v. v.

abfassen v.

aufsetzen (Schriftstück) v.

auswählen v.

entwerfen v.

skizzieren v.

English-german dictionary > draft
9 close

Ⅰ.

close¹ [kləʊs]

proche ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (f) serré ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (g) attentif ⇒ 1 (e) mal aéré ⇒ 1 (h) près ⇒ 1 (a), 2 (a) étroitement ⇒ 2 (b)

(compar closer, superl closest)

1 adjective

(a) (near in space or time) proche;

∎ the library is close to the school la bibliothèque est près ou proche de l'école;

∎ in close proximity to sth dans le voisinage immédiat de ou tout près de qch;

∎ they're very close in age ils ont presque le même âge;

∎ his death brought the war closer to home c'est avec sa mort que nous avons vraiment pris conscience de la guerre;

∎ we are close to an agreement nous sommes presque arrivés à un accord;

∎ at close intervals à intervalles rapprochés;

∎ I saw him at close quarters je l'ai vu de près;

∎ at close range à bout portant;

∎ to be close at or to hand (shop, cinema etc) être tout près; (book, pencil etc) être à portée de main;

∎ to be close to tears être au bord des larmes;

∎ to be (very) close to victory être (tout) près de la victoire;

∎ familiar I came close to thumping him one j'ai bien failli lui en coller une;

∎ he keeps things close to his chest il ne fait guère de confidences;

∎ to see sth at close quarters voir qch de près;

∎ to give sb a close shave raser qn de près;

∎ familiar that was a close shave or American call! on l'a échappé belle!, on a eu chaud!;

∎ the bill was passed but it was a close thing la loi a été votée de justesse;

∎ he managed to get elected but it was a close run thing il a été élu de justesse

(b) (in relationship) proche;

∎ they're very close (friends) ils sont très proches;

∎ he's a close friend of mine c'est un ami intime;

∎ a close relative un parent proche;

∎ I'm very close to my sister je suis très proche de ma sœur;

∎ he has close ties with Israel il a des rapports étroits avec Israël;

∎ there's a close connection between the two things il y a un rapport étroit entre les deux;

∎ the President consulted his closest advisers le président consulta ses conseillers les plus proches;

∎ sources close to the royal family des sources proches de la famille royale;

∎ a subject close to my heart un sujet qui me tient à cœur;

∎ to keep sth a close secret garder le secret absolu sur qch

(c) (continuous)

∎ they stay in close contact ils restent en contact en permanence

(d) (in competition, race etc) serré; (election) vivement serré;

∎ it was a close contest ce fut une lutte serrée;

∎ to play a close game jouer serré;

∎ close finish arrivée f serrée

(e) (thorough, careful) attentif, rigoureux;

∎ pay close attention to what she says faites très attention ou prêtez une grande attention à ce qu'elle dit;

∎ have a close look at these figures examinez ces chiffres de près;

∎ upon close examination après un examen détaillé ou minutieux;

∎ to keep (a) close watch or eye on sb/sth surveiller qn/qch de près;

∎ I keep close control of the expenses je contrôle étroitement les dépenses;

∎ in close confinement en détention surveillée

(f) (roughly similar) proche;

∎ his version of events was close to the truth sa version des faits était très proche de la réalité;

∎ he bears a close resemblance to his father il ressemble beaucoup à son père;

∎ it's the closest thing we've got to an operating theatre voilà à quoi se réduit notre salle d'opération

(g) (compact → handwriting, print) serré; (→ grain) dense, compact;

∎ Military in close formation en ordre serré

(h) British (stuffy → room) mal aéré, qui manque de ventilation ou d'air;

∎ it's very close in here on manque vraiment d'air ici;

∎ it's terribly close today il fait très lourd aujourd'hui

(i) (secretive) renfermé, peu communicatif;

∎ he's very close about his private life il est très discret sur sa vie privée

(j) familiar (miserly) pingre, radin

(k) Linguistics (vowel) fermé

2 adverb

(a) (near) près;

∎ don't come too close n'approche pas ou ne t'approche pas trop;

∎ I live close to the river j'habite près de la rivière;

∎ did you win? - no, we didn't even come close avez-vous gagné? - non, loin de là;

∎ she came close to losing her job elle a failli perdre son emploi;

∎ to come close to death frôler la mort;

∎ to come close to the world record frôler le record du monde;

∎ they walked close behind us ils nous suivaient de près;

∎ she lives close by elle habite tout près;

∎ I looked at it close to or up je l'ai regardé de près;

∎ close together serrés les uns contre les autres;

∎ sit closer together! serrez-vous!;

∎ it's brought us closer ça nous a rapprochés

(b) (tight) étroitement, de près;

∎ he held me close il m'a serré dans ses bras

3 noun

(a) (field) clos m

(b) British (street) impasse f

(c) British (of cathedral) enceinte f

(d) Scottish = passage conduisant de la rue à une cour ou à un immeuble en retrait

4 close on preposition

∎ it's close on nine o'clock il est presque neuf heures;

∎ she must be close on fifty elle doit friser la cinquantaine ou doit avoir près de cinquante ans

5 close to preposition

(almost, nearly) presque;

∎ the baby weighs close to 7 pounds ≃ le bébé pèse presque 3 kilos et demi

►► Military close combat corps à corps m;

Music close harmony tessiture f limitée

✾ Film 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' Spielberg 'Rencontres du troisième type'

Ⅱ.

close² [kləʊz]

fermer ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (j), 2 (a) conclure ⇒ 1 (e), 1 (h) arrêter ⇒ 1 (f) liquider ⇒ 1 (g) se refermer ⇒ 2 (b) se terminer ⇒ 2 (d) clôturer ⇒ 2 (e) fin, conclusion ⇒ 3

1 transitive verb

(a) (shut → door, window, shop, book) fermer;

∎ he closed his eyes and went to sleep il ferma les yeux et s'endormit;

∎ figurative the committee had not closed the books on the inquiry le comité n'avait pas refermé le dossier de l'affaire;

∎ to close one's eyes to sth fermer les yeux sur qch;

∎ to close one's mind to sth refuser de penser à qch;

∎ she closed her mind to anything new elle s'est fermée à tout ce qui était neuf

(b) (opening, bottle) fermer, boucher;

∎ figurative we must close the gap between the rich and the poor nous devons combler le fossé entre riches et pauvres

(c) (block → border, road) fermer;

∎ they've closed the airport ils ont fermé l'aéroport;

∎ a road closed to motor traffic une route interdite à la circulation automobile

(d) (shut down → factory) fermer;

∎ they plan to close more rural stations ils ont l'intention de fermer d'autres petites gares de campagne

(e) (conclude → matter) conclure, terminer; (→ meeting, session) lever, clore; (→ debate) fermer;

∎ she closed the conference with a rallying call to the party faithful elle termina la conférence en lançant un appel de solidarité aux fidèles du parti;

∎ a neat way of closing the discussion un habile moyen de clore la discussion;

∎ the subject is now closed l'affaire est close

(f) Commerce & Finance (account) arrêter, clore;

∎ to close the books balancer les comptes, régler les livres;

∎ to close the yearly accounts arrêter les comptes de l'exercice

(g) Stock Exchange (operation) liquider; (position) couvrir

(h) (settle → deal) conclure;

∎ we closed a deal with them last week nous avons conclu un accord avec eux la semaine dernière

(i) (move closer together) serrer, rapprocher;

∎ Military close ranks! serrez les rangs!;

∎ figurative the party closed ranks behind their leader le parti a serré les rangs derrière le leader

(j) Electricity (circuit) fermer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (shut → gate, window) fermer, se fermer; (→ shop) fermer; (→ cinema, theatre) faire relâche;

∎ this window doesn't close properly cette fenêtre ne ferme pas bien ou ferme mal;

∎ the door closed quietly behind them la porte s'est refermée sans bruit derrière eux;

∎ the bakery closes on Fridays la boulangerie ferme le vendredi

(b) (wound, opening) se refermer;

∎ the gap was closing fast l'écart diminuait rapidement

(c) (cover, surround)

∎ the waves closed over him les vagues se refermèrent sur lui;

∎ the onlookers closed around us un cercle de curieux se forma autour de nous;

∎ my fingers closed around the gun mes doigts se resserrèrent sur le revolver

(d) (meeting) se terminer, prendre fin; (speaker) terminer, finir;

∎ I closed with a reference to Rimbaud j'ai terminé par une référence à Rimbaud

(e) Stock Exchange clôturer;

∎ the shares closed at 420p les actions ont clôturé ou terminé à 420 pence;

∎ the share index closed two points down l'indice (boursier) a clôturé en baisse de deux points

3 noun

fin f, conclusion f; (of day) tombée f; Stock Exchange (on financial futures market) clôture f; (closing price) cours m de clôture;

∎ at close of business à la ou en clôture;

∎ the concert came to a close le concert s'acheva;

∎ the year drew to a close l'année s'acheva;

∎ it's time to draw the meeting to a close il est temps de mettre fin à cette réunion;

∎ towards the close of the century vers la fin du siècle;

∎ at close of play (in cricket) à la fin du match

►► Computing close box case f de fermeture;

British close season Hunting fermeture f de la chasse; Fishing fermeture f de la pêche; Football intersaison f

➲ close down

1 intransitive verb

(a) (business, factory) fermer;

∎ the shop had to close down le magasin a dû fermer

(b) British Television & Radio terminer les émissions

2 separable transitive verb

(business, factory) fermer;

∎ they had to close down their shop ils ont dû fermer leur magasin

➲ close in intransitive verb

(a) (approach) approcher, se rapprocher; (encircle) cerner de près;

∎ to close in on or upon se rapprocher de;

∎ the hunters closed in on their prey les chasseurs se rapprochèrent de leur proie;

∎ the police/his creditors are closing in l'étau de la police/de ses créanciers se resserre

(b) (evening, night) approcher, descendre; (day) raccourcir; (darkness, fog) descendre;

∎ darkness closed in on us la nuit nous enveloppa

➲ close off separable transitive verb

isoler, fermer;

∎ the area was closed off to the public le quartier était fermé au public;

∎ some of the rooms in the house have been closed off certaines pièces de la maison ont été fermées;

∎ Accountancy to close off an account arrêter un compte

➲ close on inseparable transitive verb

se rapprocher de;

∎ we were closing on them fast nous nous rapprochions d'eux rapidement

➲ close out separable transitive verb

(a) American (factory, shop, business) liquider (avant fermeture)

(b) (complete successfully → game, competition) remporter;

∎ to close it out l'emporter

(c) Stock Exchange

∎ to close a position boucler ou clore ou fermer une position

➲ close up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (seal) fermer; (opening, pipe) obturer, boucher; (wound) refermer, recoudre

(b) Typography (characters) rapprocher; Military etc (ranks) serrer

(c) (shop, house) fermer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (wound) se refermer

(b) (shopkeeper) fermer

➲ close with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (finalize deal with) conclure un marché avec

(b) literary (fight with) engager la lutte ou le combat avec

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > close
10 muster

muster ['mʌstə(r)]

1 transitive verb

(a) (gather → troops) rassembler, réunir; (→ courage, energy) rassembler; (→ finance, cash) réunir;

∎ they were unable to muster enough support ils n'ont pas pu trouver suffisamment de gens pour soutenir leur initiative;

∎ she mustered all her strength elle a rassemblé toutes ses forces;

∎ to muster one's courage to do sth prendre son courage à deux mains pour faire qch

(b) (take roll-call of) faire l'appel de

2 intransitive verb

se rassembler

3 noun

(a) Military revue f, inspection f;

∎ British figurative to pass muster (in dress, appearance) être présentable; (in content) être acceptable;

∎ I don't know whether your account of the facts will pass muster je ne sais pas si votre version des faits sera acceptée ou si on acceptera votre version des faits

(b) (assembly) rassemblement m

►► muster roll feuille f d'appel;

muster station point m de ralliement

➲ muster in separable transitive verb

American Military incorporer, engager

➲ muster out separable transitive verb

American Military libérer (des obligations militaires)

➲ muster up inseparable transitive verb

(courage) rassembler;

∎ to muster up support chercher à obtenir un soutien ou un appui

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > muster
11 system

система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;

aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)

air (nuclear) delivery system — авиационная система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем

air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки

airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей

airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)

airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели

area defense missile system 3PK — для зональной ПВО

artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

automatic (gun) laying system — автоматическая система наводки орудия

C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления

C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи

channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений

combat service support (control) system — АСУ тыловым обеспечением (боевых действий) войск

country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)

dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели

electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]

field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК

fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]

fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом

forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района

graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)

high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения

ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)

information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации

instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы

large area (smoke) screening system — система постановки дымовых завес на большой площади

limited weather (capability) AA system — невсепогодный зенитный комплекс

NATO C2 Information system — АИС руководства и управления НАТО

Operational C2 Intelligence system — система оперативного руководства и управления разведкой (СВ)

plotted trajectory missile system 3PK — с наведением методом совмещения траекторий цели и ракеты

point (gas) alarm system — объектовая газосигнализаторная система

Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс

rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением

real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени

received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала

sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели

site defense (missile) system — ПРК для объектовой ПРО (для защиты ШПУ)

small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля

Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств

surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК

target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания

— AA cannon system

— AA defense system

— AA gun system

— AA missile launching warning system

— AA missile system

— AA system

— AA tank system

— AA/antimissile system

— ABM defense system

— ACE High Tropospheric Communications system

— acoustic locating system

— acquisition system

— active ECM system

— active hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— active illumination system

— active lighting system

— active long-range submarine detection stationary system

— adaptive control system

— adaptive moving target detection system

— adverse weather air delivery system

— aerial antiarmor system

— aerial AT weapon system

— aerial cargo delivery system

— aerial communications system

— aerial fire system

— aerial mine dispensing system

— aerial missile system

— aerial photoreconnaissance evaluation system

— aerial reconnaissance picture retrieval system

— aerial rocket system

— aerodynamic weapon system

— aeromedical system

— aerosol screening system

— aerospace system

— air bag shock absorber system

— air defense command information system

— air defense data processing and representation system

— air defense ground environment system

— air defense missile weapon system

— air defense missile/gun system

— air defense system in overwatch role

— air defense system

— air defense/AT system

— air navigation and bombing system

— air surveillance system

— air target laser tracking and ranging system

— air/ground hit recording system

— air-based antimissile system

— airborne battlefield mining system

— airborne EO target acquisition system

— airborne location and strike system

— airborne mining system

— airborne tactical data system

— airborne UV laser reconnaissance system

— airborne warning and control system

— airborne weapons system

— airborne/space-based laser space defense system

— air-breathing strategic attack system

— aircraft intercept missile system

— aircraft maintenance management information system

— aircraft mine delivery system

— aircraft vectoring system

— aircraft wake turbulence detection system

— aircraft-delivery system

— aircraft-submerged submarine laser communications system

— air-delivered scatterable minefield system

— air-deployment delivery system

— air-dropped mine splash points location radar system

— air-ground TV system

— air-launched ABM system

— airship-helicopter ultra-heavy lift system

— airspace control system

— airspace management system

— air-to-ground laser communications system

— air-to-ground pickup system

— air-to-ground weapon systems seismic scoring system

— alarm annunciation system

— alarm system

— alert notification system

— alerting telling system

— all altitude missile system

— all aspect passive IR homing guidance system

— all azimuth retaliatory system

— all weather system

— all-out war weapon system

— all-round traverse multiple rocket system

— all-source analysis system

— all-ways grenade initiating system

— alternate system

— alternative system

— ammunition feed system

— ammunition stowage and feed system

— ammunition system

— amphibious assault bulk fuel handling system

— amphibious bridging system

— analog data transmission system

— angle-measuring tank radio navigation system

— angular rate bombing system

— antiair and tactical missile system

— antiantisatellite system

— antiballistic helmet system

— anticompromise emergency destruction system

— anticountermine mobility equipment system

— antidecoy system

— antidisplacement system

— antihigh trajectory BM system

— antiinfiltration detection system

— antiintrusion detection system

— antilow trajectory BM system

— antimine container system

— antimine system

— antimissile gun system

— antimissile missile system

— antioscillation sighting system

— antipersonnel weapons system

— antiradiation homing head system

— antisatellite defense system

— antisatellite system

— antiship missile decoy system

— antiship missile defense system

— antisubmarine action data system

— antisubmarine mortar system

— antisubmarine weapon system

— antitactical BM system

— area denial weapon system

— armament system

— armed decoy penetration system

— arming system

— armor system

— armored ammunition delivery system

— armor-plating system

— arms system

— Army Authorization Documents system

— Army container-oriented distribution system

— army corps modular control system

— Army Personnel system

— Army Terrain Intelligence system

— Army Training Management system

— Army Wholesale Logistics system

— artificial intelligence system

— artillery and rocket delivered scatterable mine system

— artillery delivery area mining system

— artillery meteorological system

— artillery mining system

— artillery position detection IR-laser system

— artillery rocket system

— artillery saturation fire system

— artillery tube nuclear delivery system

— artillery type vehicle navigation system

— ASW shipborne missile system

— AT mine clearance system

— AT mine dispensing system

— AT mine-scattering system

— AT missile system

— atmosphere laser communications system

— attack sonar system

— audio and visual information electronic training system

— audio/video monitoring system

— authentication system

— automated air warfare system

— Automated Career Management system

— automated control system

— automated image data extraction system

— automated logistics data processing system

— Automated Military Justice Analysis and Management system

— automated minefield system

— automated scoring target system

— automated software system

— automated troop control system

— automated warehouse system

— automated weapon control system

— automated weapon delivery system

— automatic artillery fire control and liaison system

— automatic command system

— automatic control system

— automatic data handling system

— automatic data processing system

— Automatic Data system for the Army in the Field

— automatic elevation recovery system

— automatic fire detection and suppression system

— automatic laying angle correction system

— automatic linear positioning system

— automatic magazine handling and loading system

— automatic mine delivery system

— automatic mine scatter system

— automatic missile reload system

— automatic sound ranging system

— automatic strike recording system

— automatic survey and sighting system

— automatic time-phased downgrading and declassification system

— automatic TV tracking and AA weapon guidance system

— automatic video scoring system

— automatic weapon aiming correction system

— automotive test system

— autonomous all-weather air defense weapon system

— autonomous positioning system

— azimuth orientation system

— bacteriological attack detection system

— bacteriological weapon delivery system

— ballistic attack system

— balloon-haul ship-to-shore cargo transportation system

— ballute free-fall weapon retarding system

— bar-in-the-tube torsion suspension system

— barometric and radar altimeter readings comparison system

— barrier warfare system

— base and installation security system

— base-line system

— battery computer system

— battle dress clothing system

— battle management system

— battlefield air defense system

— battlefield computer graphics system

— battlefield data system

— battlefield illumination airborne system

— battlefield intruder alarm system

— battlefield mission management system

— battlefield nuclear support system

— battlefield support missile system

— battlefield surveillance automated ground sensor system

— beam director system

— bell-ringer communications system

— binary beam radio direction finding system

— binary lethal weapon system

— biological detection system

— black voice system

— blast-actuated nuclear detonation control system

— blowback automatic operation system

— blowback locked breech system

— blue-line reporting system

— BM rapid reload launching system

— BM submarines extremely low frequency communications system

— bomb director system

— bomb loading system

— bomb retarding system

— bomb trajectory correction system

— bombardment space weapon system

— bomb-carrier aircraft link guidance system

— bombing sighting system

— bomblet dispensing system

— boost-coast-boost system

— border observation system

— bound coordinate system

— branch quota system

— broad-band chaff decoy system

— buddy foxhole system

— buddy training system

— built-in test malfunction system

— buried and hardened cable communications system

— burst sensing fire control system

— burst-on-target training system

— candidate weapon system

— cannon artillery weapon system

— cannon remote mining system

— carbons secret writing system

— cargo extraction roller skid system

— cargo-ejection system

— cargo-extraction system

— CAS weapon system

— caseless ammunition firing system

— CBR agent/materiel detection and warning system

— central authorities system

— central tire inflation system

— central weapon system

— centralized promotion system

— chaff grenade launching system

— chaff/flare countermeasures system

— chaff/flare/expendable jammer system

— challenge and password number system

— checker board interlocking positions system

— chemical defense training system

— chemical detection system

— chemical gas analyzer mine detection system

— circuit identification system

— circuit switching system

— circular communications net system

— circular scan thermal imaging system

— civilian personnel information system

— clear-lane marking system

— close-combat antiarmor system

— closed circuit TV automatic tracking system

— closed loop support system

— closed-breech scavenger system

— close-in point defense antimissile system

— close-in self-defense tracking system

— close-in weapon system

— closely-spaced basing system

— cloud environment seeding system

— clutter environment target selection system

— clutter environment target discrimination system

— clutter false alarm control automated radar detection system

— code command system

— cold weather clothing system

— collected overpressure system

— collective NBC defense system

— color image intensification system for night vision

— combat arms regimental system

— combat direction system

— combat information and control system

— combat laser aiming system

— combat service support functional system

— combat system

— combat vehicle main armament system

— combat vehicle radio navigation system

— combat vehicle weapon system

— combined air defense weapons control system

— combined effects bomblet system

— command arming system

— command system

— communications intercept/recording system

— communications line terminal system

— communications material security control system

— communications monitoring and emitter location system

— communications plan automation system

— communications satellite system

— communications surveillance system

— communications switching system

— competitive promotion system

— complex weapon system

— computed air release point system

— computer assisted map maneuver system

— computer release weapon system

— computer-aided intelligence data retrieval system

— computerized exercise control system

— computerized fire control system

— computerized infantry battlefield training system

— computer-oriented landform classification system

— consolidated mess system

— container-ASW helicopter system

— containerized weapon control system

— container-offloading and transfer system

— continuous orbital guidance system

— continuous targeting system

— continuously set vector bombing sighting system

— contour flying system

— controllable reused manned weapon delivery system

— controlled delivery system

— controlled descent cargo drop system

— controlled dispersion multiple rocket system

— coorbital inspection system

— counter EO-threat smoke system

— counter IR spectrum devices smoke screen system

— counter system

— counterforce first strike system

— countermeasures detection and location system

— countermeasures dispenser system

— countermeasures dispensing system

— countermeasures guidance system

— countermeasures warning and control system

— counterpressure system

— countersurprise military system

— county regiment system

— credit supply system

— crew-compartment automatic fire suppression system

— crypto-secure system

— darkfire missile control system

— data multiplexing system

— data processing and presentation system

— data relay satellite system

— dead-reckoning system

— debugging system

— decoy rocket system

— dedicated intelligence link communications system

— deep interdiction system

— deep penetration weapon system

— defense effective system

— Defense Satellite Communications system

— defense suppression weapon system

— defense weapon system

— defensive nuclear weapons system

— deployment/employment mobilization status reporting system

— depth charge warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— destabilizing military system

— deterrent retaliatory system

— difference-distance measuring tank radio navigation system

— differential target-missile tracking system

— digital coherent moving target indication system

— digital data handling and distribution system

— digital data transmission system

— digital facsimile transmission system

— digital fire control system

— digital range tracking system

— digital weapon control system

— direct ascent antisatellite system

— direct ascent killer-satellite system

— direct fire antiarmor system

— direct gas operation weapon system

— directed energy beam ABM system

— directional gyrocompass tank navigation system

— disability evaluation system

— disablement feature system

— discrete detection casualty assessment system

— discrete information transmission system

— dismounted weapons system

— dispensing system

— disrupt command system

— distance-measuring tank radio navigation system

— distant mine and minefield detection system

— distributed explosives biological agent dispersal system

— disturbed line-of-sight system

— division air defense system

— division logistical system

— division maneuver system

— division supply system

— division support system

— document retrieval system

— Doppler-inertial guidance navigational and attack system

— double key system

— double-circuit radar fire control system

— double-differential steering system

— down-looking imaging IR sensing system

— drone delivery system

— drone-formation control system

— dry and wet bridging system

— dual fire control system

— dual radar system

— dual weapon system

— dual-capable artillery weapon system

— dual-capable SAM system

— dual-speciality officer personnel management system

— duel-type ABM defense system

— early biological attack identification system

— early-warning system

— Earth-based coordinate system

— Earth-centered inertial system

— ECM/ELINT system

— ECM-dispensing system

— efficiency reporting system

— electric power guided wave transmission field system

— electric power microwave ray transmission field system

— electromagnetic compatibility priority system

— electromagnetic subsurface profiling system

— electronic battlefield surveillance system

— electronic fence warning system

— electronic sentry system

— electronically keyed system

— elevation-angle track and surveillance system

— ELINT bulk gathering system

— emergency broadcast system

— emergency communications satellitelaunching rocket system

— emergency message automatic transmission system

— emerging logistics system

— emitter location and direction finding system

— emitter location system

— energy depot system

— engine winterization system

— enlisted evaluation system

— entry control system

— EO AA gunfire control system

— EO imaging system

— EO navigation bombing system

— European Exchange system

— Eurostrategic missile weapon system

— Eurostrategic system

— EW self-protection system

— excess systems

— exhaust IR suppression system

— expendables dispensing system

— expert system

— explosive safe and arming system

— explosive source parameters multisite estimation system

— FA Computer Equipment system

— face-piece-type collective protection system

— fail solution director-type fire control system

— fair-weather AT missile system

— fair-weather line-of-sight SAM system

— fast automatic shuttle transfer system

— fast reaction missile system PK

— fault-detection/location system

— fiber scope night vision system

— fiber-optics multiplexing system

— field ABM defense system

— field public address system

— field stock control system

— fighter aircraft system

— fighter direction laser system

— fighting compartment stabilization system

— fighting vehicle system

— fingerprint verification entry control system

— fire control radar system

— fire control sight system

— fire distribution and control system

— fire simulation system

— fire weapon system

— fire-explosion suppression fuel system

— fire-extinguisher system

— fire-marking system

— fixed ASW detection system

— fixed post system

— fixed-site strategic attack system

— flail mine clearance system

— Fleet operational telecommunications automated control system

— flight guidance system

— fluidic mortar repositioning system

— flying boom air refueling system

— flying weapon system

— follow-on weapon system

— foot mobile infantry AT system

— force field ABM defense system

— force status reporting system

— force supply tracking system

— forced entry deterrent system

— formal alert system

— fortification defense system

— fortified AT defense system

— fortified bunker system

— fortified defense system

— forward reconnaissance and target designation vehicle system

— forward terminal communications system

— forward-based aircraft system

— forward-based nuclear delivery system

— forward-based system

— free-ride delivery system

— front-line defense system

— fuel fire suppression system

— fuzing system

— garage system of ICBM deployment

— gas impingement system

— gas particles filter system

— generic EV/ system

— geocentric rectangular coordinate system

— geographic reference system

— glide-angle indication light system for night helicopter extracts

— global antisubmarine surveillance ocean bottom system

— global phase hyperbolic radio navigation system

— global range weapons delivery system

— global satellite warning system

— GM system

— go-no-go grading system

— grading system

— Green Arrow priority system

— grenade-launching smoke screen system

— grid coordinate system

— grid-square numbering system

— ground airborne radar picture interpretation correlation system

— ground arresting gear system

— ground EO deep space surveillance system

— ground nuclear delivery system

— ground order of battle system

— ground proximity cargo delivery system

— ground target tracking laser illumination system

— ground vehicle mine dispensing system

— ground-based antisatellite defense system

— ground-based defensive system

— ground-based ground-to-air ECM system

— ground-based ground-to-grcund ECM system

— ground-based gun aircraft unit barrage ABM defense system

— ground-based missile system

— ground-based mobile jamming system

— ground-based surveillance system

— ground-emplaced mine scattering system

— ground-emplaced sensor system

— ground-to-air engagement simulation system

— guidance reference system

— guidance system

— guided bombing system

— gun ammunition system

— gun and turret drive system

— gun sound ranging system

— gun/sight stabilization system

— gunfire locating system

— gun-rnissiie integrated weapon system

— gun-two net fire control system

— gyrocompass automatic navigation system

— hard-kill system

— hard-point defense system

— head-on and pursuit firing portable AA missile system

— heat source direction finding system

— heavy equipment transporter system

— height-of-burst sound ranging system

— helicopter air-to-air self-defense gun system

— helicopter area weapons system

— helicopter ECM system

— helicopter expedient refueling system

— helicopter mine delivery system

— helicopter moving ground target detection system

— helicopter point weapons system

— helicopter remote mining system

— helicopter terminal guidance system

— helicopter-balloon system

— helicopter-delivered mine system

— helicopter-standoff AT missile weapon system

— helmet compatible communications/aural protective system

— helmet-integrated sighting and control system

— hesitation blowback weapon system

— high clutter environment low-altitude air defense system

— high level container airdrop system

— high orbital bombardment system

— high-accuracy internal guidance stand-off system

— high-altitude relay system

— high-endoatmospheric defense system

— highly resistant to jamming system

— high-probability air defense system

— high-security data base management system

— high-speed digital information transmission system

— high-speed digital multiplexing system

— holographic surface mapping system

— holography air photography system

— homing-bomblet scattering cluster warhead projectile system

— horizontal radio altimeter control-vertical radar guidance system

— hot picture system

— hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— hydrographic survey and charting system

— hydrographic system

— hyperbolic radio navigational system

— hypersonic strategic defensive weapon system

— hypersonic strategic offensive weapon system

— ICBM basing system

— ICBM battle management system

— ICBM canister and shock isolation system

— ICBM continuous targeting system

— ICBM deployment system

— ICBM launcher rapid reload system

— illumination system

— imagery system

— impact initiation system

— independent recoil system

— independent vertical line-of-sight stabilization system

— independently targetable AT submissile warhead system

— indirect fire AT guided missile system

— indirect weapons locating system

— individual load-carrying system

— ineradicable features personnel characteristics verification system

— inertial control system

— inertial coordinate system

— inertial stabilization optical system

— inertial-with-terminal correction guidance and control system

— infantry direct fire simulator system

— infantry remoted target system

— in-flight data transmission system

— information accumulation storage and retrieval system

— information acquisition system

— information computation system

— information display system

— information dissemination system

— information distribution system

— information input packet switching system

— information processing system

— information retrieval system

— in-grade step system

— inspection and diagnostic system

— instantaneous remote ammunition selection system

— instinctive rifle bayonet fighting system

— integrated acoustic communications system

— integrated battle area surveillance system

— integrated communications system

— integrated defense system

— integrated fire and air support system

— integrated fire control system

— integrated information system

— Integrated Operational Nuclear Detection system

— integrated refractive effects prediction system

— integrated voice communications system

— integrated weapons control system

— integrity arming system

— intelligence community information system

— intelligence data handling system

— intelligence information retrieval system

— intercommunications system

— intermodal containerized system

— interoperable communications security system

— interphone system

— intrusion detection and identification system

— inventory control system

— IR decoy-target discrimination system

— IR decoy-target identification system

— IR gathering system

— IR intruder system

— IR intrusion system

— IR-line scanning reconnaissance system

— IR-sensors/radar air defense fire control system

— joint Air and Air Defense Control system

— joint air defense automatic control system

— joint airspace surveillance system

— Joint Army-Navy grid system

— joint in-flight data transmission system

— joint information search and retrieval system

— joint multichannel trunking and switching system

— Joint Strategic Planning system

— Joint Surveillance system

— Joint Tactical Information Distribution system

— joint tactical missile system

— killer-satellite system

— land combat support system

— land mine barrier system

— land navigation system

— land-based strike system

— land-water-air system

— laser aiming system

— laser air reconnaissance system

— laser bombing system

— laser communications satellite system

— laser engagement imitation system

— laser fire control system

— laser intrusion detection system

— laser navigation system

— laser photo reconnaissance system

— laser rangefinder-sight fire control system

— laser satellite communications system

— laser scanning reconnnaissance system

— laser security system

— laser surveying system

— laser target tracking illumination system

— laser tracking system

— laser weapon control system

— laser weapon delivery pod system

— laser weapon system

— laser-acquisition and tracking SAM system

— laser-beam guidance antimissile system

— laser-guided discrete correction AA projectile system

— laser-homing and warning system

— laser-submarine detection system

— last ditch ground-based ABM defense system

— launch-and-leave missile system

— light weight advanced night/day surveillance system

— linear linkless ammunition feed system

— linear scanning IR ground target acquisition system

— line-of-sight AT missile system

— line-of-sight microwave radio relay system

— linked ammunition feed system

— listening post/OP warning system

— lockless fire arm system

— Logistics Master Planning system

— longevity compensation system

— long-recoil system

— look-down /shoot-down system

— low-altitude navigation and targeting IR night system

— low-altitude parachute extraction system

— low-angle radar tracking system

— low-false alarm rate missile warning system

— low-level AA system

— low-level air defense system

— low-level image intensification navigation TV system

— low-level radar system

— low-level weapon delivery system

— low-light level image intensification system

— low-light level sight system

— management and control system

— military direct dial telephone system

— military system

— mobility system

— National Communications system

— National Military Command system

— officer evaluation reporting system

— offline cryptographic system

— off-road mobile ICBM system

— offset target indicator system

— on-board oxygen generation system

— on-carriage sighting system

— on-line security system

— on-off mount fire control system

— open-bay housing system

— operational automatic schedule information system

— operational command/operational control system

— operational readiness test system

— operational sensor system

— optical acquisition and tracking AA missile system

— optical fiber data transmission system

— optical track command system

— opto-electronic alpha-numeric display system

— optronic fire control system

— optronic target designation system

— orbital defense system

— orbital offensive system

— OTH backscatter radar warning system

— outdoor interphone system

— outside-the-vehicle shell case ejection system

— overhead cover support system

— overseas unit replacement system

— packet-switching communications system

— parachute retrograde air drop system

— parachute-jet landing system

— parawing precision aerial delivery system

— partially space-based ABM defense system

— passive ECM system

— passive hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— passive thermic image night-aiming system

— payload deployment system

— performance management system

— performance measurement system

— perimeter acquisition radar attack characterization system

— Periodic Armaments Planning system

— periscope TV camera system

— permissive action link system

— personnel classification system

— personnel environment support system

— personnel management accounting and reporting system

— phased-array radar fire control system

— photogrammetric target location system

— pilot system

— pilot-aircraft-media system

— planning army authorization document system

— pneumatic and inertia arming system

— pneumatic fuel transport system

— point deployment system

— point target BM laser homing system

— portable airfield system

— portable decoy launcher system

— position location and reporting system

— post-boost control system

— press-to-talk system

— primary alerting system

— primary direct fire control system

— priority system for mission requests for tactical reconnaissance

— priority system

— privacy communications system

— program change control system

— projectile location system

— pulse energy detonation system

— PW Information system

— pyramidal structure hierarchic automated control system

— radar bombing system

— radar early warning and control system

— radar homing and warning system

— radar information transmission system

— radar scattering screening system

— radar system

— radar track command system

— radar warning receiver/processor system

— radar-controlled breeched AA weapon system

— radar-version microwave mine detection system

— radio frequency surveillance/ECM system

— radio/radar tracking and guidance system

— radiological defense support system

— radiological defense warning system

— radiotelephone and telephone authentication system

— random access personnel information system

— random-orbiting counter satellite barrage system

— range correction system

— range finding system

— rapid smoke screen system

— rapid sweep vehicular AT mine detection system

— rapid-fire artillery system

— real time intelligence data processing system

— rearm system

— receiver-responder/inertial guidance integrated system

— recognized air picture system

— recoilless-tube weapon system

— reconnaissance/strike system

— record keeping system

— recruit quota system

— Red/Black voice switching system

— redundant communications system

— regional airspace control system

— relative tank-target motion correction armament stabilization system

— remote antiarmor mine system

— remote artillery antiarmor mining system

— remote control explosive ordnance reconnaissance and disposal system

— remote ICBM retargeting system

— remote mine delivery system

— remote mining system

— remote pop-up target system

— remotely monitored battlefield sensor system

— remotely piloted observation/designation system

— remotely-controlled explosive boat system

— reporting system

— reports control system

— resource capability assessment system

— resource management system

— Retain system

— retarded flare system

— retractable missile launching system

— rifle-light MG system

— rifleman's assault system

— rocket command system

— rocket system

— rocket-assisted mine-clearing system

— rocket-assisted parachute system

— roller mine clearance system

— roller-locked bolt system

— rotor-mast-mounted target acquisition system

— RPV and ground station-based multichannel information transmission system

— running key system

— SAC operational planning system

— SAC operations planning system

— safeguards system

— safety and arming system

— satellite attack warning system

— satellite communications system

— satellite data relay system

— satellite destruction system

— satellite detection radar system

— satellite ground terminal system

— satellite identification system

— satellite inspection system

— satellite intercept and destruction system

— satellite radio navigation system

— satellite returning fire system

— satellite surveillance system

— satellite verification system

— satellite warning system

— satellite/aircraft ocean surveillance system

— satellite-based defense system

— satellite-borne surveillance system

— saturation firing weapon system

— scaled-range target system

— scatterable mine system

— scenario-oriented recurring evaluation system

— schedule control assault system

— scrambled speech communications system

— scrambling communications system

— screening ABM defense system

— sea surveillance satellite system

— sea-based strategic nuclear deterrent system

— sea-denial system

— sea-launched BM warning and display system

— sealed authentication system

— search and rescue satellite system

— see-and-shoot firing system

— selected calling system

— selective routing system

— selective service system

— self-contained system

— self-defense air defense system

— self-defense EW system

— self-defense jamming system

— self-defense system

— self-deployable weapon system

— semiactive low-rate sampled data system

— semicentralized promotion system

— semifixed SAM system

— semistationary ground missile system

— semistationary SAM system

— seniority cadetship system

— serial fire rifle system

— ship air defense system

— shipborne air defense missile system

— shipborne missile system

— shipping ASW/air defense container system

— ship-to-air missile system

— ship-to-submarine underwater telephone system

— short-pulse mode radar mine detection system

— short-range SAM system

— shuttle spacecraft system

— signal collecting system

— single channel ground and airborne radio system

— single missile channel SAM system

— single target channel SAM system

— single tube missile system PK

— single-component officer system

— single-mission weapon system

— site protection system

— Small Elevation Angle Track and Surveillance system

— small SAM system

— smoke discharger system

— snap and go guidance system

— sniper rifle system

— soft landing rocket system

— software driven system

— sonobuoy reference system

— sound ranging system

— sound surveillance system

— SP AA gun system

— Space Detection and Tracking system

— space surveillance intelligence system

— space transportation system

— space warning system

— space weapon system

— space-based attack alarm system

— space-based counterspace and Earth target combat system

— space-based laser ABM system

— space-borne ABM system

— space-borne bomber IR detection and tracking system

— space-borne early warning system

— space-borne ICBM interception system

— space-borne ICBM launch system

— space-borne laser transmission system

— space-borne weapon system

— speech security system

— spent-case ejection system

— spherical coordinate system

— spinning and stabilization system

— spot report receiver system

— spread-spectrum communications system

— spurious emission detection system

— Squad Combat Optical Evaluation system

— stabilized line-of-sight sighting system

— stabilized sight fire control system

— Standard Civilian Personnel Management Information system

— Standard Installation/Division Personnel system

— standby selective service system

— standoff ECM system

— star aiming system

— star war weapon system

— state-of-the-art system

— stationary ground missile system

— Stealth-like ECM system

— stellar correction system

— stellar navigation system

— stores management system

— Strategic Army Communications system

— strategic communications satellite system

— strategic communications system

— strategic defensive weapon system

— strategic delivery system

— strategic interplanetary system

— strategic missile system

— strategic nuclear delivery system

— strategic nuclear weapon system

— strategic offensive weapon system

— strategic retaliatory system

— strategic satellite system

— strategic shipborne missile system

— strategic war reconnaissance system

— strategic warning system

— strategic weapon system

— strike system

— Submarine Integrated Battle and Data system

— submissile dispensing system

— submunitions delivery system

— superminiature laser communications system

— super-precision laser guidance system

— support system

— surface effects system

— surface rectangular coordinate system

— surface towed array surveillance system

— surface-to-air missile system

— surface-to-air self-defense missile system

— surveillance and detection system

— surveillance and target attack radar system

— surveillance satellite system

— surveying system

— survivable system

— suspense system

— switchless telephone system

— synchronous bombing sighting system

— synchronous satellite communications system

— synthetic flight training system

— system BM airborne launch control system

— tactical air control system

— tactical air crew training system

— tactical air defense automatic control system

— Tactical Air Force Intelligence Exploitation system

— tactical air reconnaissance pod system

— tactical air reconnaissance results reporting system

— tactical air support control system

— tactical airborne signal exploitation system

— tactical area communications system

— tactical automatic routing exchange system

— tactical automatic switching system

— tactical bridge access system

— tactical bridge egress system

— tactical communications system

— tactical computer system

— tactical computer-based message switching system

— tactical control system

— tactical electronic locating and targeting system

— tactical emitter location and identification system

— Tactical Emitter Operational Support system

— tactical EW deception system

— tactical expendable drone system

— tactical information organization system

— tactical information processing and interpretation system

— tactical jamming system

— tactical landing system

— tactical missile navigation system

— tactical nuclear delivery system

— tactical operations interactive simulation system

— tactical operations system

— tactical surface-to-surface weapon system

— tactical trunk communications system

— tail warning system

— tail-chase portable air defense missile system

— tank emergency fuel evacuation system

— tank engine exhaust smoke system

— tank fire control IR system

— tank fire control laser system

— tank gun line-of-sight reference stabilization system

— tank IFF system

— tank passive pitch and roll damping system

— tank self-protective smoke system

— tank self-screening smoke system

— tank target video tracking system

— tank weapon system

— tape-controlled automatic test and checkout system

— target illumination system

— target physical vulnerability analysis system

— target range system

— target recognition and attack multisensor system

— target search and track system

— target search IR system

— target system

— target trajectory registration system

— target-missile optical tracking AT guided missile system

— telegraph automatic relay system

— telemetry automated processing system

— telephone analyzing antibugging system

— teletype broadcast system

— terminal operations and movements management system

— terrain contour mapping aircraft positioning system

— terrain independent system

— terrain matching radio navigation system

— terrain navigation system

— terrain reconnaissance IR scanning system

— torpedo warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— torsion bars-in-torsion tubes suspension system

— total hospitalization system

— towed hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— towed low-level air defense system

— toxic alarm system

— tracked ammunition delivery system

— tracked vehicle-based missile system

— trailer relay system

— turnkey system

— two-tier information system

— vehicle gas overpressure system

— vehicle navigation system

— vehicle rapid fire weapon system

— vehicle smoke grenade system

— vehicular minefield bridging system

— velocity coordinate system

— verification system

— vertical delivery ship underway replenishment system

— vertical launching system

— vertical stowage system

— very intelligent surveillance and target acquisition system

— vibrational sensor guard alarm system

— visual warning system

— voice warning system

— voice-ciphering system

— voluntary recruitment system

— war weapon system

— warehoused system

— warfare system

— warhead pitch and yaw control nozzle system

— warning system

— wartime supply system

— waterborne vehicle trainer system

— weapons control system

— weapons delivery system

— weapons effects display system

— weapons locating system

— weapons support system

— weapons system

— wet secret writing system

— wheeled vehicle-based missile system

— wideband communications system

— wire system

— world geographic reference system

— worldwide ammunition reporting system

— worldwide navigation and position location system

— worldwide standard data management system

— X-ray ABM system

— X-Y system

English-Russian military dictionary > system
12 go

Ⅰ.

go¹ [gəʊ]

noun

(game) jeu m de go

Ⅱ.

go² [gəʊ]

aller ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1A (f), 1E (a)-(c), 1G (a), 2 (a) s'en aller ⇒ 1A (d) être ⇒ 1B (a) devenir ⇒ 1B (b) tomber en panne ⇒ 1B (c) s'user ⇒ 1B (d) se détériorer ⇒ 1B (e) commencer ⇒ 1C (a) aller (+ infinitif) ⇒ 1C (b), 1C (c) marcher ⇒ 1C (d) disparaître ⇒ 1D (a), 1D (c) se passer ⇒ 1E (d) s'écouler ⇒ 1E (e) s'appliquer ⇒ 1F (b) se vendre ⇒ 1F (e) contribuer ⇒ 1G (c) aller ensemble ⇒ 1H (a) tenir le coup ⇒ 1H (c) faire ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) coup ⇒ 3 (a) essai ⇒ 3 (a) tour ⇒ 3 (b) dynamisme ⇒ 3 (c)

(pl goes [gəʊz], 3rd pres sing goes [gəʊz], pt went [went], pp gone [gɒn])

1 intransitive verb

A.

(a) (move, travel → person) aller; (→ vehicle) aller, rouler;

∎ we're going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;

∎ he went to the office/a friend's house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;

∎ I want to go home je veux rentrer;

∎ the salesman went from house to house le vendeur est allé de maison en maison;

∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;

∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;

∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;

∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;

∎ the truck was going at 150 kilometres an hour le camion roulait à ou faisait du 150 kilomètres (à l')heure;

∎ go behind those bushes va derrière ces arbustes;

∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant?;

∎ to go to the doctor aller voir ou aller chez le médecin;

∎ he went straight to the director il est allé directement voir ou trouver le directeur;

∎ to go to prison aller en prison;

∎ to go to the toilet aller aux toilettes;

∎ to go to sb for advice aller demander conseil à qn;

∎ let the children go first laissez les enfants passer devant, laissez passer les enfants d'abord;

∎ I'll go next c'est à moi après;

∎ who goes next? (in game) c'est à qui (le tour)?;

∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;

∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;

∎ there he goes! le voilà!;

∎ there he goes again! (there he is again) le revoilà!; (he's doing it again) ça y est, il est reparti!

(b) (engage in a specified activity) aller;

∎ to go shopping aller faire des courses;

∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;

∎ to go riding aller faire du cheval;

∎ let's go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;

∎ they went on a trip ils sont partis en voyage;

∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;

∎ I'll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j'irai la voir demain;

∎ don't go and tell him!, don't go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;

∎ don't go bothering your sister ne va pas embêter ta sœur;

∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;

∎ he's gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;

∎ you've gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!

(c) (proceed to specified limit) aller;

∎ he'll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu'à 300 livres;

∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu'à 36° C;

∎ he went so far as to say it was her fault il est allé jusqu'à dire que c'était de sa faute à elle;

∎ now you've gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;

∎ I'll go further and say he should resign j'irai plus loin et je dirai qu'il ou j'irai jusqu'à dire qu'il devrait démissionner;

∎ the temperature sometimes goes below zero la température descend ou tombe parfois au-dessous de zéro;

∎ her attitude went beyond mere impertinence son comportement était plus qu'impertinent

(d) (depart, leave) s'en aller, partir;

∎ I must be going il faut que je m'en aille ou que je parte;

∎ they went early ils sont partis tôt;

∎ you may go vous pouvez partir;

∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;

∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;

∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;

∎ either he goes or I go l'un de nous deux doit partir

(e) (indicating regular attendance) aller, assister;

∎ to go to church/school aller à l'église/l'école;

∎ to go to a meeting aller ou assister à une réunion;

∎ to go to work (to one's place of work) aller au travail

(f) (indicating direction or route) aller, mener;

∎ that road goes to the market square cette route va ou mène à la place du marché

B.

(a) (be or remain in specified state) être;

∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;

∎ to go armed porter une arme;

∎ her family goes in rags sa famille est en haillons;

∎ the job went unfilled le poste est resté vacant;

∎ to go unnoticed passer inaperçu;

∎ such crimes must not go unpunished de tels crimes ne doivent pas rester impunis

(b) (become) devenir;

∎ my father is going grey mon père grisonne;

∎ she went white with rage elle a blêmi de colère;

∎ my hands went clammy mes mains sont devenues moites;

∎ the tea's gone cold le thé a refroidi;

∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;

∎ to go bankrupt faire faillite;

∎ the country has gone Republican le pays est maintenant républicain

(c) (stop working → engine) tomber en panne; (→ fuse) sauter; (→ bulb, lamp) sauter, griller;

∎ the battery's going la pile commence à être usée

(d) (wear out) s'user; (split) craquer; (break) (se) casser;

∎ his trousers are going at the knees son pantalon s'use aux genoux;

∎ the jacket went at the seams la veste a craqué aux coutures

(e) (deteriorate, fail → health) se détériorer; (→ hearing, sight) baisser;

∎ all his strength went and he fell to the floor il a perdu toutes ses forces et il est tombé par terre;

∎ his voice is going il devient aphone;

∎ his voice is gone il est aphone, il a une extinction de voix;

∎ her mind has started to go elle n'a plus toute sa tête ou toutes ses facultés

C.

(a) (begin an activity) commencer;

∎ what are we waiting for? let's go! qu'est-ce qu'on attend? allons-y!;

∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;

∎ go! partez!;

∎ you'd better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t'attaquer à ce rapport!;

∎ it won't be so hard once you get going ça ne sera pas si difficile une fois que tu seras lancé;

∎ familiar go to it! (get to work) au boulot!; (in encouragement) allez-y!

(b) (expressing intention)

∎ to be going to do sth (be about to) aller faire qch, être sur le point de faire qch; (intend to) avoir l'intention de faire qch;

∎ you were just going to tell me about it vous étiez sur le point de ou vous alliez m'en parler;

∎ I was going to visit her yesterday but her mother arrived j'avais l'intention de ou j'allais lui rendre visite hier mais sa mère est arrivée

(c) (expressing future)

∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;

∎ we're going to do exactly as we please nous ferons ce que nous voulons;

∎ she's going to be a doctor elle va être médecin;

∎ there's going to be a storm il va y avoir un orage;

∎ he's going to have to work really hard il va falloir qu'il travaille très dur

(d) (function → clock, machine) marcher, fonctionner; (start functioning) démarrer;

∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;

∎ the car won't go la voiture ne veut pas démarrer;

∎ he had the television and the radio going il avait mis la télévision et la radio en marche;

∎ the washing machine is still going la machine à laver tourne encore, la lessive n'est pas terminée;

∎ to get sth going (car, machine) mettre qch en marche; (business, project) lancer qch;

∎ her daughter kept the business going sa fille a continué à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu

(e) (sound → alarm clock, bell) sonner; (→ alarm, siren) retentir

(f) (make movement)

∎ she went like this with her eyebrows elle a fait comme ça avec ses sourcils

(g) (appear)

∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision

D.

(a) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the snow has gone la neige a fondu ou disparu;

∎ all the sugar's gone il n'y a plus de sucre;

∎ my coat has gone mon manteau n'est plus là ou a disparu;

∎ all our money has gone (spent) nous avons dépensé tout notre argent; (lost) nous avons perdu tout notre argent; (stolen) on a volé tout notre argent;

∎ I don't know where the money goes these days l'argent disparaît à une vitesse incroyable ces temps-ci;

∎ gone are the days when he took her dancing elle est bien loin, l'époque où il l'emmenait danser

(b) (be eliminated)

∎ the last paragraph must go il faut supprimer le dernier paragraphe;

∎ I've decided that car has to go j'ai décidé de me débarrasser de cette voiture;

∎ that new secretary has got to go il va falloir se débarrasser de la nouvelle secrétaire

(c) euphemism (die) disparaître, s'éteindre;

∎ he is (dead and) gone il nous a quittés;

∎ his wife went first sa femme est partie avant lui;

∎ after I go... quand je ne serai plus là...

E.

(a) (extend, reach) aller, s'étendre;

∎ our property goes as far as the forest notre propriété va ou s'étend jusqu'au bois;

∎ the path goes right down to the beach le chemin descend jusqu'à la mer;

∎ figurative her thinking didn't go that far elle n'a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;

∎ my salary doesn't go very far je ne vais pas loin avec mon salaire;

∎ money doesn't go very far these days l'argent part vite à notre époque;

∎ their difference of opinion goes deeper than I thought leur différend est plus profond que je ne pensais

(b) (belong) aller, se mettre, se ranger;

∎ the dictionaries go on that shelf les dictionnaires se rangent ou vont sur cette étagère;

∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu'on met les serviettes?;

∎ that painting goes here ce tableau se met ou va là

(c) (be contained in, fit) aller;

∎ this last sweater won't go in the suitcase ce dernier pull n'ira pas ou n'entrera pas dans la valise;

∎ the piano barely goes through the door le piano entre ou passe de justesse par la porte;

∎ this belt just goes round my waist cette ceinture est juste assez longue pour faire le tour de ma taille;

∎ the lid goes on easily enough le couvercle se met assez facilement

(d) (develop, turn out) se passer;

∎ how did your interview go? comment s'est passé ton entretien?;

∎ I'll see how things go je vais voir comment ça se passe;

∎ we can't tell how things will go on ne sait pas comment ça se passera;

∎ everything went well tout s'est bien passé;

∎ if all goes well si tout va bien;

∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s'est mal/bien passée;

∎ the negotiations are going well les négociations sont en bonne voie;

∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;

∎ there's no doubt as to which way the decision will go on sait ce qui sera décidé;

∎ everything was going fine until she showed up tout allait ou se passait très bien jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive;

∎ everything went wrong ça a mal tourné;

∎ familiar how's it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;

∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage

(e) (time → elapse) s'écouler, passer; (→ last) durer;

∎ the journey went quickly je n'ai pas vu le temps passer pendant le voyage;

∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;

∎ time goes so slowly when you're not here le temps me paraît tellement long quand tu n'es pas là;

∎ how's the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?

F.

(a) (be accepted)

∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;

∎ whatever the boss says goes c'est le patron qui fait la loi;

∎ anything goes on fait ce qu'on veut

(b) (be valid, hold true) s'appliquer;

∎ that rule goes for everyone cette règle s'applique à tout le monde;

∎ that goes for us too (that applies to us) ça s'applique à nous aussi; (we agree with that) nous sommes aussi de cet avis

(c) (be expressed, run → report, story)

∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu'elle l'a quitté;

∎ so the story goes du moins c'est ce que l'on dit ou d'après les on-dit;

∎ how does the story go? comment c'est cette histoire?;

∎ I forget how the poem goes now j'ai oublié le poème maintenant;

∎ how does the tune go? c'est quoi ou c'est comment, l'air?;

∎ her theory goes something like this sa théorie est plus ou moins la suivante

(d) (be identified as)

∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;

∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant

(e) (be sold) se vendre;

∎ flats are going cheap at the moment les appartements ne se vendent pas très cher en ce moment;

∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s'est vendu 350 livres;

∎ going, going, gone! (at auction) une fois, deux fois, adjugé!

G.

(a) (be given → award, prize) aller, être donné; (→ inheritance, property) passer;

∎ the contract is to go to a private firm le contrat ira à une entreprise privée;

∎ credit should go to the teachers le mérite en revient aux enseignants;

∎ every penny will go to charity tout l'argent va ou est destiné à une œuvre de bienfaisance

(b) (be spent)

∎ a small portion of the budget went on education une petite part du budget a été consacrée ou est allée à l'éducation;

∎ all his money goes on drink tout son argent part dans la boisson

(c) (contribute) contribuer, servir;

∎ all that just goes to prove my point tout ça confirme bien ce que j'ai dit;

∎ it has all the qualities that go to make a good film ça a toutes les qualités d'un bon film

(d) (have recourse) avoir recours, recourir;

∎ to go to arbitration recourir à l'arbitrage

H.

(a) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller ensemble;

∎ orange and mauve don't really go l'orange et le mauve ne vont pas vraiment ensemble

(b) (be available)

∎ let me know if you hear of any jobs going faites-moi savoir si vous entendez parler d'un emploi;

∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;

∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m'offrir?^□

(c) (endure) tenir le coup;

∎ we can't go much longer without water nous ne pourrons pas tenir beaucoup plus longtemps sans eau

(d) euphemism (go to the toilet)

∎ we'll only stop if you're really desperate to go on ne s'arrête que si tu ne tiens vraiment plus;

∎ I went before I came j'ai fait avant de venir

(e) Mathematics

∎ 5 into 60 goes 12 60 divisé par 5 égale 12;

∎ 6 into 5 won't go 5 n'est pas divisible par 6

(f) (idioms)

∎ she isn't bad, as teachers go elle n'est pas mal comme enseignante;

∎ as houses go, it's pretty cheap ce n'est pas cher pour une maison;

∎ as things go today par les temps qui courent;

∎ there goes my chance of winning a prize je peux abandonner tout espoir de gagner un prix;

∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;

∎ there you go! (here you are) tiens!; (I told you so) voilà!;

∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;

∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit!

2 transitive verb

(a) (follow, proceed along) aller, suivre;

∎ if we go this way, we'll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite

(b) (travel) faire, voyager;

∎ we've only gone 5 kilometres nous n'avons fait que 5 kilomètres;

∎ she went the whole length of the street before coming back elle a descendu toute la rue avant de revenir

(c) (say) faire; (make specified noise) faire;

∎ ducks go "quack" les canards font "coin-coin";

∎ the clock goes "tick tock" l'horloge fait "tic tac";

∎ the gun went bang et pan! le coup est parti;

∎ familiar then he goes "hand it over" puis il fait "donne-le-moi"

(d) (in gambling)

∎ to go 10 risquer 10;

∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);

∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)

(e) familiar (do with)

∎ I could really go a beer je me paierais bien une bière

(f) (idioms) familiar old-fashioned

∎ to go it (go fast) filer; (behave wildly) se défoncer;

∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?

3 noun

(a) British (attempt, try) coup m, essai m;

∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;

∎ he had another go il a fait une nouvelle tentative, il a ressayé;

∎ let's have a go! essayons!; familiar (let me try) laisse-moi essayer!^□ ;

∎ have another go! encore un coup!;

∎ I've never tried it but I'll give it a go je n'ai encore jamais fait l'expérience mais je vais essayer;

∎ she passed her exams first go elle a eu ses examens du premier coup;

∎ he knocked down all the skittles at one go il a renversé toutes les quilles d'un coup;

∎ £1 a go (at fair etc) une livre la partie ou le tour;

∎ to have a go on the dodgems faire un tour d'autos tamponneuses;

∎ he wouldn't let me have or give me a go (on his bicycle etc) il ne voulait pas me laisser l'essayer

(b) British (in games → turn) tour m;

∎ it's your go c'est ton tour ou c'est à toi (de jouer);

∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?

(c) familiar (energy, vitality) dynamisme^□ m, entrain^□ m;

∎ to be full of go avoir plein d'énergie, être très dynamique;

∎ she's got plenty of go elle est pleine d'entrain;

∎ the new man has no go in him le nouveau manque d'entrain

(d) familiar (success) succès^□ m, réussite^□ f;

∎ he's made a go of the business il a réussi à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to make a go of a marriage réussir un mariage;

∎ I tried to persuade her but it was no go j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire

(e) (fashion) mode f;

∎ short hair is all the go les cheveux courts sont le dernier cri ou font fureur

(f) familiar (idioms)

∎ to have a go at sb (physically) rentrer dans qn; (verbally) passer un savon à qn;

∎ they had a real go at one another! qu'est-ce qu'ils se sont mis!;

∎ she had a go at her boyfriend elle a passé un de ces savons à son copain;

∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s'en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;

∎ it's all go ça n'arrête pas!;

∎ all systems go! c'est parti!;

∎ the shuttle is go for landing la navette est bonne ou est parée ou a le feu vert pour l'atterrissage

4 going on adverb

∎ he must be going on fifty il doit approcher de la ou aller sur la cinquantaine;

∎ it was going on (for) midnight by the time we finished quand on a terminé, il était près de minuit

5 on the go adjective familiar

(a) (busy)

∎ I've been on the go all day je n'ai pas arrêté de toute la journée^□ ;

∎ to be always on the go être toujours à trotter ou à courir, avoir la bougeotte;

∎ to keep sb on the go faire trimer qn

(b) (in hand)

∎ I have several projects on the go at present j'ai plusieurs projets en route en ce moment^□

6 to go

1 adverb

à faire;

∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;

∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire

2 adjective

esp American (to take out) two hamburgers to go deux hamburgers à emporter!

➲ go about

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move) circuler; (of rumour) courir;

∎ policemen usually go about in pairs en général, les policiers circulent par deux;

∎ you can't go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!

(b) Nautical (change tack) virer de bord

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (get on with) s'occuper de;

∎ to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations

(b) (set about) se mettre à;

∎ she showed me how to go about it elle m'a montré comment faire ou comment m'y prendre;

∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s'y prendre ou faire pour postuler l'emploi?

(c) (country) parcourir

➲ go about with inseparable transitive verb

(frequent)

∎ her son goes about with an older crowd son fils fréquente des gens plus âgés que lui;

∎ he's going about with Rachel these days il sort avec Rachel en ce moment

➲ go across

1 inseparable transitive verb

traverser

2 intransitive verb

traverser;

∎ your brother has just gone across to the shop ton frère est allé faire un saut au magasin en face

➲ go after inseparable transitive verb

(a) (follow) suivre

(b) (pursue, seek → criminal) poursuivre; (→ prey) chasser; (→ job, prize) essayer d'obtenir;

∎ he goes after all the women il court après toutes les femmes;

∎ I'm going after that job je vais essayer d'obtenir cet emploi

➲ go against inseparable transitive verb

(a) (disregard) aller contre, aller à l'encontre de;

∎ she went against my advice elle n'a pas suivi mon conseil;

∎ I went against my mother's wishes je suis allé contre ou j'ai contrarié les désirs de ma mère

(b) (conflict with) contredire;

∎ that goes against what he told me c'est en contradiction avec ou ça contredit ce qu'il m'a dit;

∎ the decision went against public opinion la décision est allée à l'encontre de ou a heurté l'opinion publique;

∎ it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes

(c) (be unfavourable to → of luck, situation) être contraire à; (→ of opinion) être défavorable à; (→ of behaviour, evidence) nuire à, être préjudiciable à;

∎ the verdict went against the defendant le verdict a été défavorable à l'accusé ou a été prononcé contre l'accusé;

∎ if luck should go against him si la chance lui était contraire;

∎ her divorce may go against her winning the election son divorce pourrait nuire à ses chances de gagner les élections

➲ go ahead intransitive verb

(a) (precede) passer devant;

∎ he went ahead of us il est parti avant nous;

∎ I let him go ahead of me in the queue je l'ai fait passer devant moi dans la queue

(b) (proceed) aller de l'avant;

∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;

∎ the mayor allowed the demonstrations to go ahead le maire a permis aux manifestations d'avoir lieu;

∎ the move had gone ahead as planned le déménagement s'était déroulé comme prévu;

∎ to go ahead with sth démarrer qch;

∎ they're going ahead with the project after all ils ont finalement décidé de mener le projet à bien;

∎ he went ahead and did it (without hesitating) il l'a fait sans l'ombre d'une hésitation; (despite warnings) rien ne l'a arrêté

(c) (advance, progress) progresser, faire des progrès

➲ go along intransitive verb

(a) (move from one place to another) aller, avancer;

∎ go along and ask your mother va demander à ta mère;

∎ she went along with them to the fair elle les a accompagnés ou elle est allée avec eux à la foire;

∎ we can talk it over as we go along nous pouvons en discuter en chemin ou en cours de route;

∎ I just make it up as I go along j'invente au fur et à mesure

(b) (progress) se dérouler, se passer;

∎ things were going along nicely tout allait ou se passait bien

(c) (go to meeting, party etc) aller

➲ go along with inseparable transitive verb

(decision, order) accepter, s'incliner devant; (rule) observer, respecter;

∎ that's what they decided and I went along with it c'est la décision qu'ils ont prise et je l'ai acceptée;

∎ I go along with the committee on that point je suis d'accord avec ou je soutiens le comité sur ce point;

∎ I can't go along with you on that je ne suis pas d'accord avec vous là-dessus;

∎ he went along with his father's wishes il s'est conformé aux ou a respecté les désirs de son père

➲ go around intransitive verb

(a) (habitually) passer son temps à;

∎ he goes around mumbling to himself il passe son temps à radoter;

∎ she just goes around annoying everyone elle passe son temps à énerver tout le monde;

∎ he goes around in black leather il se promène toujours en ou il est toujours habillé en cuir noir

(b) (document, illness) circuler; (gossip, rumour) courir, circuler

(c) (be long enough for)

∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?

➲ go around with = go about with

➲ go at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (attack → food) attaquer, se jeter sur; (→ job, task) s'attaquer à; (→ person) attaquer;

∎ they were still going at it the next day ils y étaient encore le lendemain;

∎ she went at the cleaning with a will elle s'est attaquée au nettoyage avec ardeur

➲ go away intransitive verb

partir, s'en aller;

∎ go away! va-t'en!;

∎ I'm going away for a few days je pars pour quelques jours;

∎ she's gone away to think about it elle est partie réfléchir

➲ go back intransitive verb

(a) (return) revenir, retourner;

∎ she went back to bed elle est retournée au lit, elle s'est recouchée;

∎ to go back to sleep se rendormir;

∎ they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ou à la maison;

∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;

∎ to go back to work (continue task) se remettre au travail; (return to place of work) retourner travailler; (return to employment) reprendre le travail;

∎ to go back on one's steps rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;

∎ let's go back to chapter two revenons ou retournons au deuxième chapitre;

∎ we went back to the beginning nous avons recommencé;

∎ let's go back to why you said that revenons à la question de savoir pourquoi vous avez dit ça;

∎ the clocks go back one hour today on retarde les pendules d'une heure aujourd'hui

(b) (retreat) reculer;

∎ go back! recule!

(c) (revert) revenir;

∎ we went back to the old system nous sommes revenus à l'ancien système;

∎ he went back to his old habits il a repris ses anciennes habitudes;

∎ the conversation kept going back to the same subject la conversation revenait sans cesse sur le même sujet;

∎ men are going back to wearing their hair long les hommes reviennent aux cheveux longs ou se laissent à nouveau pousser les cheveux

(d) (in time) remonter;

∎ our records go back to 1850 nos archives remontent à 1850;

∎ this building goes back to the Revolution ce bâtiment date de ou remonte à la Révolution;

∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi

(e) (extend, reach) s'étendre;

∎ the garden goes back 150 metres le jardin s'étend sur 150 mètres

➲ go back on inseparable transitive verb

(fail to keep → agreement) rompre, violer; (→ promise) manquer à, revenir sur;

∎ they went back on their decision ils sont revenus sur leur décision;

∎ he won't go back on his word il ne manquera pas à sa parole

➲ go before

1 intransitive verb

(precede) passer devant; (happen before) précéder;

∎ that question has nothing to do with what went before cette question n'a rien à voir avec ce qui précède ou avec ce qui a été dit avant;

∎ the election was like nothing that had gone before l'élection ne ressemblait en rien aux précédentes;

∎ euphemism those who have gone before (the dead) ceux qui nous ont précédés

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (precede) précéder;

∎ we are indebted to those who have gone before us nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés

(b) (appear before)

∎ your suggestion will go before the committee votre suggestion sera soumise au comité;

∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;

∎ the matter went before the court l'affaire est allée devant les tribunaux

➲ go below intransitive verb

Nautical descendre dans l'entrepont

➲ go by

1 intransitive verb

(pass → car, person) passer; (→ time) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the years go by avec les années, à mesure que les années passent;

∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;

∎ to let an opportunity go by laisser passer une occasion

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (act in accordance with, be guided by) suivre, se baser sur;

∎ don't go by the map ne vous fiez pas à la carte;

∎ I'll go by what the boss says je me baserai sur ce que dit le patron;

∎ he goes by the rules il suit le règlement

(b) (judge by) juger d'après;

∎ going by her accent, I'd say she's from New York si j'en juge d'après son accent, je dirais qu'elle vient de New York;

∎ you can't go by appearances on ne peut pas juger d'après ou sur les apparences

(c) (be known by)

∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;

∎ the product goes by the name of "Bango" in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de "Bango" en France

➲ go down

1 intransitive verb

(a) (descend, move to lower level) descendre;

∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s'est mis à quatre pattes;

∎ going down! (in lift) on descend!, pour descendre!

(b) (proceed, travel) aller;

∎ we're going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin

(c) (set → moon, sun) se coucher, tomber

(d) (sink → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(e) (decrease, decline → level, price, quality) baisser; (→ amount, numbers) diminuer; (→ rate, temperature) baisser, s'abaisser; (→ fever) baisser, tomber; (→ tide) descendre;

∎ the dollar is going down in value le dollar perd de sa valeur, le dollar est en baisse;

∎ eggs are going down (in price) le prix des œufs baisse;

∎ my weight has gone down j'ai perdu du poids;

∎ he's gone down in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime;

∎ the neighbourhood's really gone down since then le quartier ne s'est vraiment pas arrangé depuis;

∎ to have gone down in the world avoir connu des jours meilleurs

(f) (become less swollen → swelling) désenfler, dégonfler; (→ balloon, tyre) se dégonfler

(g) (food, medicine) descendre;

∎ this wine goes down very smoothly ce vin se laisse boire (comme du petit-lait)

(h) (produce specified reaction) être reçu;

∎ a cup of coffee would go down nicely une tasse de café serait la bienvenue;

∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;

∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;

∎ that kind of talk doesn't go down well with me je n'apprécie pas du tout ce genre de propos

(i) (lose) être battu;

∎ Mexico went down to Germany le Mexique s'est incliné devant l'Allemagne;

∎ Madrid went down to Milan by three points Milan a battu Madrid de trois points;

∎ I'm not going to go down without a fight je me battrai jusqu'à la fin

(j) (be relegated) descendre;

∎ our team has gone down to the second division notre équipe est descendue en deuxième division

(k) (be noted, recorded) être noté; (in writing) être pris ou couché par écrit;

∎ this day will go down in history ce jour restera une date historique;

∎ she will go down in history as a woman of great courage elle entrera dans l'histoire grâce à son grand courage

(l) (reach as far as) descendre, s'étendre;

∎ this path goes down to the beach ce sentier va ou descend à la plage

(m) (continue as far as) aller, continuer;

∎ go down to the end of the street allez ou continuez jusqu'en bas de la rue

(n) British University entrer dans la période des vacances

(o) Cards (in bridge) chuter

(p) Computing tomber en panne; (of computer network) planter;

∎ the computer's gone down l'ordinateur est en panne

(q) Music (lower pitch) descendre

(r) British familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ how long do you think he'll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;

∎ he went down for three years il a écopé de trois ans

(s) American familiar (happen) se passer^□

2 inseparable transitive verb

(hill, stairs, ladder, street) descendre;

∎ my food went down the wrong way j'ai avalé de travers;

∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d'une octave;

∎ British School to go down a class descendre d'une classe;

∎ figurative I don't want to go down that road je ne veux pas m'engager là-dedans

➲ go down on inseparable transitive verb

vulgar (fellate) sucer, tailler ou faire une pipe à; (perform cunnilingus on) sucer, brouter le cresson à

➲ go down with inseparable transitive verb

tomber malade de;

∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe

➲ go for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (fetch) aller chercher;

∎ he went for a doctor il est allé ou parti chercher un médecin

(b) (try to obtain) essayer d'obtenir, viser;

∎ she's going for his job elle va essayer d'obtenir son poste;

∎ familiar go for it! vas-y!;

∎ I'd go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n'hésiterais pas!;

∎ she was really going for it elle donnait vraiment son maximum

(c) (attack → physically) tomber sur, s'élancer sur; (→ verbally) s'en prendre à;

∎ dogs usually go for the throat en général, les chiens attaquent à la gorge;

∎ they went for each other (physically) ils se sont jetés l'un sur l'autre; (verbally) ils s'en sont pris l'un à l'autre;

∎ the newspapers really went for the senator les journaux s'en sont pris au sénateur sans retenue;

∎ go for him! (to dog) attaque!

(d) familiar (like) aimer^□, adorer^□ ;

∎ I don't really go for that idea l'idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;

∎ he really goes for her in a big way il est vraiment fou d'elle

(e) (choose, prefer) choisir, préférer

(f) (apply to, concern) concerner, s'appliquer à;

∎ what I said goes for both of you ce que j'ai dit vaut pour ou s'applique à vous deux;

∎ pollution is a real problem in Paris - that goes for Rome too la pollution pose un énorme problème à Paris - c'est la même chose à Rome;

∎ and the same goes for me et moi aussi

(g) (have as result) servir à;

∎ his twenty years of service went for nothing ses vingt ans de service n'ont servi à rien

(h) (be to the advantage of)

∎ she has a lot going for her elle a beaucoup d'atouts;

∎ that idea hasn't got much going for it frankly cette idée n'est franchement pas très convaincante

➲ go forth intransitive verb archaic or literary

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ the army went forth into battle l'armée s'est mise en route pour la bataille;

∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous

(b) (be pronounced) être prononcé; (be published) paraître;

∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…

➲ go forward intransitive verb

(s')avancer;

∎ the clocks go forward tomorrow on avance les pendules demain;

∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…

➲ go in intransitive verb

(a) (enter) entrer, rentrer;

∎ it's cold - let's go in il fait froid - entrons;

∎ it's too big, it won't go in c'est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas

(b) (disappear → moon, sun) se cacher

(c) Sport (in cricket) prendre son tour au guichet

(d) Military (attack) attaquer

➲ go in for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (engage in → activity, hobby, sport) pratiquer, faire; (→ occupation) se consacrer à; (→ politics) s'occuper de, faire;

∎ she went in for company law elle s'est lancée dans le droit commercial;

∎ he thought about going in for teaching il a pensé devenir enseignant

(b) familiar (be interested in) s'intéresser à^□ ; (like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go in much for opera je n'aime pas trop l'opéra, l'opéra ne me dit rien;

∎ he goes in for special effects in a big way il est très branché effets spéciaux;

∎ we don't go in for that kind of film nous n'aimons pas ce genre de film;

∎ this publisher doesn't really go in for fiction cet éditeur ne fait pas tellement dans le roman

(c) familiar (use)

∎ they don't go in for injections so much nowadays ils ne sont pas tellement pour les piqûres de nos jours;

∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?

(d) (take part in → competition, race) prendre part à; (→ examination) se présenter à

(e) (apply for → job, position) poser sa candidature à, postuler

➲ go into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → building, house) entrer dans; (→ activity, profession) entrer à ou dans; (→ politics, business) se lancer dans;

∎ she's gone into hospital elle est (r)entrée à l'hôpital;

∎ to go into the army (as profession) devenir militaire de carrière; (as conscript) partir au service;

∎ he went into medicine il a choisi la médecine

(b) (be invested → of effort, money, time)

∎ a lot of care had gone into making her feel at home on s'était donné beaucoup de peine pour la mettre à l'aise;

∎ two months of research went into our report nous avons mis ou investi deux mois de recherche dans notre rapport

(c) (embark on → action) commencer à; (→ explanation, speech) se lancer ou s'embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; (→ problem) aborder;

∎ I'll go into the problem of your taxes later j'aborderai le problème de vos impôts plus tard;

∎ the car went into a skid la voiture a commencé à déraper;

∎ to go into hysterics avoir une crise de nerfs;

∎ to go into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (examine, investigate) examiner, étudier;

∎ you need to go into the question more deeply vous devez examiner le problème de plus près;

∎ the matter is being gone into l'affaire est à l'étude

(e) (explain in depth) entrer dans;

∎ the essay goes into the moral aspects of the question l'essai aborde les aspects moraux de la question;

∎ I won't go into details je ne vais pas entrer dans les détails;

∎ let's not go into that ne parlons pas de ça

(f) (begin to wear) se mettre à porter;

∎ to go into mourning prendre le deuil

(g) (hit, run into) entrer dans;

∎ a car went into him une voiture lui est rentrée dedans

(h) Computing (file, program) aller dans;

∎ to go into a file aller dans un fichier

➲ go off

1 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;

∎ she went off to work elle est partie travailler;

∎ her husband has gone off and left her son mari l'a quittée;

∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène

(b) (stop operating → light, radio) s'éteindre; (→ heating) s'éteindre, s'arrêter; (→ pain) partir, s'arrêter;

∎ the electricity went off l'électricité a été coupée

(c) (become activated → bomb, firework) exploser; (→ gun) partir; (→ alarm, alarm clock) sonner;

∎ the grenade went off in her hand la grenade a explosé dans sa main;

∎ the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti;

∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (have specified outcome) se passer;

∎ the interview went off badly/well l'entretien s'est mal/bien passé;

∎ her speech went off well son discours a été bien reçu

(e) (fall asleep) s'endormir

(f) British (deteriorate → food) s'avarier, se gâter; (→ milk) tourner; (→ butter) rancir; (→ athlete, sportsperson) perdre sa forme;

∎ the play goes off in the second half la pièce se gâte pendant la seconde partie

2 inseparable transitive verb

British familiar (stop liking) perdre le goût de^□ ;

∎ he's gone off classical music/smoking il n'aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ I've gone off the idea cette idée ne me dit plus rien;

∎ she's gone off her boyfriend son copain ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ funny how you can go off people c'est drôle comme on se lasse des gens parfois

➲ go off with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (leave with) partir avec;

∎ he went off with the woman next door il est parti avec la voisine

(b) (make off with) partir avec;

∎ someone has gone off with his keys quelqu'un est parti avec ses clés;

∎ he went off with the jewels il s'est enfui avec les bijoux

➲ go on

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move, proceed) aller; (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin; (after stopping) repartir, se remettre en route;

∎ you go on, I'll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);

∎ they went on without us ils sont partis sans nous;

∎ after dinner they went on to Susan's house après le dîner, ils sont allés chez Susan;

∎ we went on home nous sommes rentrés

(b) (continue action) continuer;

∎ she went on (with her) reading elle a continué à ou de lire;

∎ the chairman went on speaking le président a continué son discours;

∎ "and that's not all", he went on "et ce n'est pas tout", a-t-il poursuivi;

∎ you can't go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;

∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;

∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;

∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;

∎ go on, I'm listening continuez, je vous écoute;

∎ I can't go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;

∎ if he goes on like this, he'll get fired s'il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;

∎ their affair has been going on for years leur liaison dure depuis des années;

∎ the party went on into the small hours la soirée s'est prolongée jusqu'à très tôt le matin;

∎ life goes on la vie continue ou va son train;

∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;

∎ they have enough (work) to be going on with ils ont du pain sur la planche ou de quoi faire pour le moment;

∎ here's £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner

(c) (proceed to another action)

∎ he went on to explain why il a ensuite expliqué pourquoi;

∎ to go on to another question passer à une autre question;

∎ she went on to become a doctor elle est ensuite devenue médecin

(d) (be placed, fit) aller;

∎ the lid goes on this way le couvercle se met comme ça;

∎ I can't get the lid to go on je n'arrive pas à mettre le couvercle;

∎ the cap goes on the other end le bouchon se met ou va sur l'autre bout

(e) (happen, take place) se passer;

∎ what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici?;

∎ there was a fight going on il y avait une bagarre;

∎ a lot of cheating goes on during the exams on triche beaucoup pendant les examens;

∎ several conversations were going on at once il y avait plusieurs conversations à la fois;

∎ while the war was going on pendant la guerre

(f) (elapse) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the week went on au fur et à mesure que la semaine passait;

∎ as time goes on avec le temps, à mesure que le temps passe

(g) familiar (chatter, talk) parler^□, jacasser^□ ;

∎ she does go on! elle n'arrête pas de parler!, c'est un vrai moulin à paroles!;

∎ he goes on and on about politics il parle politique sans cesse;

∎ don't go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;

∎ I don't want to go on about it, but... je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air d'insister, mais...;

∎ what are you going on about now? qu'est-ce que vous racontez?

(h) familiar (act, behave) se conduire^□, se comporter^□ ;

∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!

(i) (start operating → light, radio, television) s'allumer; (→ heating, motor, power) s'allumer, se mettre en marche

(j) Sport (player) prendre sa place, entrer en jeu

(k) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène

(l) (approach)

∎ he's going on for forty il va sur ses quarante ans

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → boat, train) monter dans

(b) (embark on)

∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;

∎ to go on a diet se mettre au régime

(c) (be guided by) se laisser guider par, se fonder ou se baser sur;

∎ the detective didn't have much to go on le détective n'avait pas grand-chose sur quoi s'appuyer ou qui puisse le guider;

∎ she goes a lot on instinct elle se fie beaucoup à ou se fonde beaucoup sur son instinct

(d) (approach)

∎ he's going on forty-five il va sur ses quarante-cinq ans;

∎ humorous she's fifteen going on forty-five (wise) elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; (old beyond her years) elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l'âge

(e) British familiar (usu neg) (appreciate, like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go much on abstract art l'art abstrait ne me dit pas grand-chose

➲ go on at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (criticize) critiquer^□ ; (nag) s'en prendre à^□ ;

∎ the boss went on and on at her at the meeting le patron n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à elle pendant la réunion;

∎ he's always going on at his wife about money il est toujours sur le dos de sa femme avec les questions d'argent;

∎ I went on at my mother to go and see the doctor j'ai embêté ma mère pour qu'elle aille voir le médecin;

∎ don't go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!

➲ go out intransitive verb

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ my parents made us go out of the room mes parents nous ont fait sortir de la pièce ou quitter la pièce;

∎ to go out for a meal aller au restaurant;

∎ to go out to dinner sortir dîner;

∎ to go out for a walk aller se promener, aller faire une promenade;

∎ she's gone out to get a paper elle est sortie (pour) acheter un journal;

∎ they went out to the country ils sont allés ou ils ont fait une sortie à la campagne;

∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;

∎ he went out of her life il est sorti de sa vie;

∎ she was dressed to go out (ready to leave) elle était prête à sortir; (dressed up) elle était très habillée

(b) (travel) partir; (emigrate) émigrer;

∎ they went out to Africa (travelled) ils sont partis en Afrique; (emigrated) ils sont partis vivre ou ils ont émigré en Afrique

(c) (date) sortir;

∎ to go out with sb sortir avec qn;

∎ we've been going out together for a month ça fait un mois que nous sortons ensemble

(d) (fire, light) s'éteindre

(e) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the joy went out of her eyes la joie a disparu de son regard;

∎ the spring went out of his step il a perdu sa démarche légère;

∎ all the heart went out of her elle a perdu courage

(f) (cease to be fashionable) passer de mode, se démoder;

∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;

∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge

(g) (tide) descendre, se retirer;

∎ the tide has gone out la marée est descendue, la mer s'est retirée;

∎ the tide goes out 6 kilometres la mer se retire sur 6 kilomètres

(h) figurative (set out)

∎ I went out to see for myself j'ai décidé de voir par moi-même;

∎ we have to go out and do something about this il faut que nous prenions des mesures ou que nous fassions quelque chose

(i) (be sent → letter) être envoyé; (be published → brochure, pamphlet) être distribué; (be broadcast → radio or television programme) être diffusé

(j) (feelings, sympathies) aller;

∎ our thoughts go out to all those who suffer nos pensées vont vers tous ceux qui souffrent;

∎ my heart goes out to her je suis de tout cœur avec elle dans son chagrin

(k) Sport (be eliminated) être éliminé;

∎ Agassi went out to Henman Agassi s'est fait sortir par Henman

(l) Cards terminer

(m) familiar (idiom)

∎ she went all out to help us elle a fait tout son possible pour nous aider^□

➲ go over

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move overhead) passer;

∎ I just saw a plane go over je viens de voir passer un avion

(b) (move in particular direction) aller; (cross) traverser;

∎ I went over to see her je suis allé la voir;

∎ they went over to talk to her ils sont allés lui parler;

∎ to go over to Europe aller en Europe

(c) (turn upside down) se retourner; (capsize → boat) chavirer, capoter

(d) (change, switch) changer;

∎ I've gone over to another brand of washing powder je viens de changer de marque de lessive;

∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu'on va passer au système métrique?

(e) (change allegiance) passer, se joindre;

∎ he's gone over to the Socialists il est passé dans le camp des socialistes;

∎ she went over to the enemy elle est passée à l'ennemi

(f) (be received) passer;

∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel over) passer par-dessus;

∎ the horse went over the fence le cheval a sauté (par-dessus) la barrière;

∎ we went over a bump on a pris une bosse

(b) (examine → argument, problem) examiner, considérer; (→ accounts, report) examiner, vérifier;

∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?

(c) (repeat) répéter; (review → notes, speech) réviser, revoir; (→ facts) récapituler, revoir; School réviser;

∎ she went over the interview in her mind elle a repassé l'entretien dans son esprit;

∎ I kept going over everything leading up to the accident je continuais de repenser à tous les détails qui avaient conduit à l'accident;

∎ let's go over it again reprenons, récapitulons;

∎ he goes over and over the same stories il rabâche les mêmes histoires

(d) (rehearse) refaire; (bars of music) rejouer; (sing) rechanter

(e) Television & Radio

∎ let's go over now to our Birmingham studios passons l'antenne à notre studio de Birmingham;

∎ we're going over live now to Paris nous allons maintenant à Paris où nous sommes en direct

➲ go past inseparable transitive verb

(move in front of) passer devant; (move beyond) dépasser

➲ go round

1 intransitive verb

(a) (be enough)

∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu'il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;

∎ to make the food go round ménager la nourriture

(b) (visit) aller;

∎ we went round to his house nous sommes allés chez lui;

∎ I'm going round there later on j'y vais plus tard

(c) (circulate → rumour) circuler, courir; (→ bottle, cold, flu) circuler

(d) (be continuously present → idea, tune)

∎ that song keeps going round in my head j'ai cette chanson dans la tête

(e) (spin → wheel) tourner;

∎ figurative my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne

(f) (make a detour) faire un détour;

∎ to go round the long way faire un long détour

2 inseparable transitive verb

(tour → museum) faire le tour de;

∎ I hate going round the shops j'ai horreur de faire les boutiques

➲ go through

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (crowd, tunnel) traverser;

∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l'a parcourue ou traversée

(b) (endure, experience) subir, souffrir;

∎ he's going through hell c'est l'enfer pour lui;

∎ we all have to go through it sometime on doit tous y passer un jour ou l'autre;

∎ I can't face going through all that again je ne supporterais pas de passer par là une deuxième fois;

∎ after everything she's gone through après tout ce qu'elle a subi ou enduré;

∎ we've gone through a lot together nous avons vécu beaucoup de choses ensemble

(c) (consume, use up → supplies) épuiser; (→ money) dépenser; (→ food) consommer; (wear out) user;

∎ she goes through a pair of tights a week elle use une paire de collants par semaine;

∎ I've gone through the toes of my socks j'ai usé ou troué mes chaussettes au bout;

∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d'assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;

∎ his novel has gone through six editions il y a déjà eu six éditions de son roman

(d) (examine → accounts, document) examiner, vérifier; (→ list, proposal) éplucher; (→ mail) dépouiller; (→ drawer, pockets) fouiller (dans); (→ files) chercher dans; (sort) trier;

∎ we went through the contract together nous avons regardé ou examiné le contrat ensemble;

∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu'ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;

∎ he went through her pockets il a fouillé ses poches

(e) (of bill, law) être voté;

∎ the bill went through Parliament last week le projet de loi a été voté la semaine dernière au Parlement

(f) (carry out, perform → movement, work) faire; (→ formalities) remplir, accomplir;

∎ Music let's go through the introduction again reprenons l'introduction;

∎ we had to go through the whole business of applying for a visa nous avons dû nous farcir toutes les démarches pour obtenir un visa

(g) (participate in → course of study) étudier; (→ ceremony) participer à

(h) (practise → lesson, poem) réciter; (→ role, scene) répéter;

∎ let's go through it again from the beginning reprenons dès le début

2 intransitive verb

(a) (travel through, penetrate) passer, traverser

(b) (offer, proposal) être accepté; (business deal) être conclu, se faire; (bill, law) passer, être voté; (divorce) être prononcé;

∎ the adoption finally went through l'adoption s'est faite finalement

➲ go through with inseparable transitive verb

∎ to go through with sth aller jusqu'au bout de qch, exécuter qch;

∎ he'll never go through with it il n'ira jamais jusqu'au bout;

∎ they went through with their threat ils ont exécuté leur menace

➲ go together intransitive verb

(a) (colours, flavours) aller bien ensemble; (characteristics, ideas) aller de pair;

∎ the two things often go together les deux choses vont souvent de pair

(b) American (people) sortir ensemble

➲ go towards inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move towards) aller vers

(b) (effort, money) être consacré à;

∎ all her energy went towards fighting illiteracy elle a dépensé toute son énergie à combattre l'analphabétisme

➲ go under

1 intransitive verb

(a) (go down → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(b) figurative (fail → business) couler, faire faillite; (→ project) couler, échouer; (→ person) échouer, sombrer

(c) (under anaesthetic) s'endormir

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel underneath) passer par-dessous

(b) (be known)

∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;

∎ a glue that goes under the name of Stikit une colle qui s'appelle Stikit

➲ go up

1 intransitive verb

(a) (ascend, climb → person) monter, aller en haut; (→ lift) monter;

∎ to go up to town aller en ville;

∎ I'm going up to bed je monte me coucher;

∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;

∎ going up! (in lift) on monte!;

∎ to go up in the world faire son chemin

(b) (increase → amount, numbers) augmenter, croître; (→ price) monter, augmenter; (→ temperature) monter, s'élever;

∎ rents are going up les loyers sont en hausse;

∎ meat is going up (in price) (le prix de) la viande augmente;

∎ to go up in sb's estimation monter dans l'estime de qn

(c) (sudden noise) s'élever;

∎ a shout went up un cri s'éleva

(d) (appear → notices, posters) apparaître; (be built) être construit;

∎ new buildings are going up all over town de nouveaux immeubles surgissent dans toute la ville

(e) (explode, be destroyed) sauter, exploser

(f) Music (raise pitch) monter

(g) Theatre (curtain) se lever;

∎ before the curtain goes up avant le lever du rideau

(h) British University entrer à l'université;

∎ she went up to Oxford in 1950 elle est entrée à Oxford en 1950

(i) American familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ he went up for murder il a fait de la taule pour meurtre

(j) Sport (be promoted)

∎ they look set to go up to the First Division ils ont l'air prêts à entrer en première division

2 inseparable transitive verb

monter;

∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;

∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d'une octave;

∎ British School to go up a class monter d'une classe

➲ go up to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (approach)

∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;

∎ the path goes up to the front door le chemin mène à la porte d'entrée

(b) (go as far as)

∎ the book only goes up to the end of the war le livre ne va que jusqu'à la fin de la guerre;

∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu'à 100 livres

➲ go with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (accompany, escort) accompagner, aller avec;

∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;

∎ you have to go with the times il faut vivre avec son temps

(b) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller avec;

∎ that hat doesn't go with your suit ce chapeau ne va pas avec ton ensemble;

∎ a white Burgundy goes well with snails le bourgogne blanc se marie bien ou va bien avec les escargots

(c) (be part of) aller avec;

∎ the flat goes with the job l'appartement va avec le poste;

∎ the sense of satisfaction that goes with having done a good job le sentiment de satisfaction qu'apporte le travail bien fait;

∎ mathematical ability usually goes with skill at chess des capacités en mathématiques vont souvent de pair avec un don pour les échecs

(d) familiar (spend time with) sortir avec^□ ;

∎ euphemism he's been going with other women (having sex) il a été avec d'autres femmes

➲ go without

1 inseparable transitive verb

se passer de, se priver de;

∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n'a pas dormi pendant deux jours

2 intransitive verb

s'en passer;

∎ we'll just have to go without il faudra s'en passer, c'est tout

ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case "prison". Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s'il s'agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est "ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs", est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you're going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 ("refais ça, Bill, et je t'assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu'un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 ("le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n'arrange rien, bien au contraire").

ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C'est la formule prononcée par l'inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu'il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s'agit d'une façon d'encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l'abattre en état de légitime défense: "allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir". On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s'en servit en s'adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > go
13 do

du:
1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb
1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?) 0

2) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; ðo sit down) 0

3) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.) 0

4) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.) 0

5) (to carry out or perform: What shall I do?; That was a terrible thing to do.) hacer

6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) hacer

7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) hacer

8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) servir, ir bien, ser suficiente

9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) hacer, dedicarse, estudiar

10) (to manage or prosper: How's your wife doing?; My son is doing well at school.) ir

11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) arreglar

12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?) hacer, comportarse, actuar

13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) hacer

14) (to cause: What damage did the storm do?; It won't do him any harm.) causar, hacer

15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) visitar

2. noun
(an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) fiesta, evento

- doer
- doings
- done
- do-it-yourself
- to-do
- I
- he could be doing with / could do with
- do away with
- do for
- done for
- done in
- do out
- do out of
- do's and don'ts
- do without
- to do with
- what are you doing with

do vb hacer

I must do my homework tengo que hacer los deberes

what are you doing? ¿qué haces?

we're doing German at school damos alemán en el colegio

could do with necesitar

I could do with a shower necesito una ducha

do as you are told! ¡haz lo que se te dice!

how do you do? ¿cómo está usted?

Con este saludo, la respuesta típica es también how do you do?

to do you good sentarte bien / irte bien

this medicine will do you good este medicamento te irá bien

to do well ir bien / tener éxito

he's doing well at school va bien en el colegio

what do you do? ¿a qué te dedicas? / ¿cuál es tu trabajo?do también se emplea para formular las preguntas en presente

do you like dancing? ¿te gusta bailar?

do elephants live in Asia? ¿viven los elefantes en Asia?

El pasado y participio pasado de do son did; el gerundio se escribe doing

Multiple Entries: D.O. do do.
do sustantivo masculino ( nota) C; ( en solfeo) do, doh (BrE);
◊ do de pecho high C, top C

do sustantivo masculino Mús (de solfeo) doh, do (de escala diatónica) C
do bemol, C-flat
do de pecho, high C
do sostenido, C-sharp Locuciones: dar el do de pecho, to do one's very best 'do' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrochar - acomodada - acomodado - acompañar - anda - animarse - apetecer - apostarse - aprender - arte - así - atañer - atonía - atreverse - bajeza - bastar - bastante - bastarse - bien - bola - bordar - brazo - bricolaje - broma - caballo - cacharro - cada - calaña - campar - capaz - cara - cargar - cascabel - casual - cepillarse - cerrar - colada - coletilla - comer - comandita - comecome - como - componer - componenda - compromiso - común - con - contentarse - contrapelo - corpachón English: about-face - about-turn - actually - advance - again - agree - aim to - all - all-out - allow - any - approachable - approve of - as - ask - aspect - associate - attempt - attribute - authorize - bankrupt - begin - best - born - bunk - burden - business - busywork - by - C - call - can - carry-on - cast - cease - cheap - chief - choose - cleaning - clear - come through - command - commit - compel - compelling - complaint - compute - conception - condescend - condition

do

tr[dʊː]

auxiliar (3rd pers sing pres does, pt did tr[dɪd], pp done tr[dʌn], ger doing)

1 (used in questions) no se traduce

■ do you smoke? ¿fumas?

■ do you know Susan? ¿conoces a Susan?

■ what do they want? ¿qué quieren?

■ where does Neil live? ¿dónde vive Neil?

■ what film did you see? ¿qué película viste?

■ when did they leave? ¿cuándo se fueron?

2 (used in negatives) no se traduce

■ I don't want to go no quiero ir

■ I don't play tennis no juego al tenis

■ they don't like meat no les gusta la carne

■ she doesn't live in London no vive en Londres

■ he didn't watch the match no vio el partido

■ we didn't go out yesterday no salimos ayer

3 (emphatic)

■ do come with us! ¡ánimo, vente con nosotros!

■ I do like your dress me encanta tu vestido

■ I did post it, I swear! ¡sí que lo mandé, te lo juro!

4 (substituting main verb)

■ do you like basketball? - yes, I do ¿te gusta el baloncesto? - sí, me gusta

■ did you see the film? - no, I didn't ¿viste la película? - no, no la vi

■ he plays chess and so do I él juega al ajedrez y yo también

■ I don't feel well - neither do I no me encuentro bien - yo tampoco

■ she likes jazz and so does he a ella le gusta el jazz y a él también

■ they went to the concert and so did we ellos fueron al concierto y nosotros también

■ who wears glasses? - Brian does ¿quién lleva gafas? - Brian

■ who broke the vase? - I did ¿quién rompió el florero? - yo

5 (in question tags)

■ you don't smoke, do you? no fumas, ¿verdad?

■ you like fish, don't you? a ti te gusta el pescado, ¿verdad?

■ she lives in Madrid, doesn't she? vive en Madrid, ¿verdad?

■ you went to their wedding, didn't you? tú fuiste a su boda, ¿verdad?

■ they didn't believe you, did they? no te creyeron, ¿verdad?

transitive verb

1 (gen) hacer

■ what are you doing here? ¿qué haces aquí?

■ what are you doing this weekend? ¿qué vas a hacer este fin de semana?

■ we'll have to do something about that door tendremos que hacer algo con esa puerta

■ do the right thing haz lo que debas

■ there's nothing to do in this town no hay nada que hacer en este pueblo

■ you do nothing but complain no haces más que quejarte

■ whatever you do, don't drink alcohol hagas lo que hagas, no bebas alcohol

■ what can I do about it? ¿qué quieres que haga yo?

2 (as job) hacer, dedicarse

■ what do you do (for a living)? ¿a qué te dedicas?

■ what does he want to do when he leaves university? ¿a qué quiere dedicarse cuando deje la universidad?

3 (carry out - job, task) hacer, realizar, llevar a cabo; (- duty) cumplir con

■ I've got to do the cooking/cleaning tengo que cocinar/limpiar

■ have you done your homework? ¿has hecho los deberes?

■ we do the shopping on Saturdays hacemos la compra los sábados

4 (study) estudiar

■ do you do biology at school? ¿estudias biología en el instituto?

■ we're doing Shakespeare this year estamos estudiando a Shakespeare este curso

■ she's doing French at university estudia filología francesa en la Universidad

■ he did Politics at Oxford estudió Ciencias Políticas en Oxford

5 (solve - puzzle) solucionar; (- crossword, sum) hacer

6 (produce, make - meal) preparar, hacer; (drawing, painting, translation, etc) hacer; (offer - service) servir, tener, hacer; (- discount) hacer

■ does this pub do food? ¿sirven comidas en este pub?

7 (attend to) atender, servir

■ what can I do for you? ¿en qué le puedo servir?

8 (put on, produce - play, opera, etc) presentar, dar, poner en escena; (play the part of) hacer el papel de

9 (finish, complete) terminar

■ have you done moaning? ¿has terminado de protestar?

10 (achieve) lograr, conseguir

■ he's done it! ¡lo ha conseguido!

11 (travel over - distance) recorrer, hacer; (complete - journey) hacer, ir; (travel at - speed) ir a

■ that car was doing at least 150kph aquel coche iba como mínimo a 150 kilómetros por hora

■ we did London to Nottingham in two and a half hours fuimos de Londres a Nottingham en dos horas y media

12 (be sufficient for) ser suficiente; (be satisfactory for, acceptable to) ir bien a

■ will 6 glasses do you? ¿será suficiente con seis vasos?

■ yes, that will do me nicely sí, eso me irá perfectamente

13 familiar (cheat, swindle) estafar, timar; (rob) robar; (arrest, convict) coger; (fine) encajar una multa; (serve time in prison) cumplir

■ you've been done! ¡te han timado!

intransitive verb

1 (act, behave) hacer

■ you'll do as you're told harás lo que te digan

■ do as I do haz lo que yo hago

■ do as you would be done by trata a los demás como tú quisieras ser tratado

2 (progress) ir

■ how are you doing? ¿qué tal vas?, ¿cómo te van las cosas?

■ she did badly in the exams le fueron mal los exámenes

■ both mother and baby are doing well madre e hija se encuentran bien

■ how are we doing for time? ¿cómo andamos de tiempo?

■ he's done really well for himself ha prosperado mucho

■ we did quite well out of that hemos salido bastante bien parados de eso

3 (complete, finish) terminar

■ have you done with the hairdryer? ¿has terminado con el secador?

4 (be sufficient) bastar, ser suficiente, alcanzar

■ will one slice do for you? ¿tendrás suficiente con una rebanada?

■ that'll do! ¡basta!

5 (be satisfactory, suitable) servir, estar bien

■ well, I suppose it'll have to do bueno, supongo que tendrá que servir

■ it doesn't do to be late no hay que llegar tarde

■ it (just/simply) won't do no puede ser

■ this cushion will do as/for a pillow este cojín servirá de almohada

noun

1 familiar (party) fiesta, guateque nombre masculino

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

how do you do? (greeting) ¿cómo está usted? 2 (answer) mucho gusto, encantado,-a

that does it! ¡esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!, ¡ya está bien!

to be/have to do with somebody/something tener que ver con alguien/algo

■ it has nothing to do with you no tiene nada que ver contigo

■ his job has something to do with computers su trabajo está relacionado con los ordenadores

to do business with somebody negociar con alguien

to do drugs drogarse, consumir drogas

to do one's best hacer lo mejor posible

to do one's hair peinarse

to do one's military service hacer el servicio militar

to do one's nails arreglarse las uñas

to do something again volver a hacer algo

to do something for somebody (help) hacer algo por alguien 2 (flatter, suit) favorecer a alguien, quedarle bien a alguien 3 (please) atraer a alguien, decirle algo a alguien

what's done is done a lo hecho, pecho

you've done it now ahora sí que la has hecho buena

do's and don'ts reglas nombre femenino plural de conducta, normas nombre femenino plural

do ['du:] v, did ['dɪd] ; done ['dʌn] ; doing ; does ['dʌz] vt

1) carry out, perform: hacer, realizar, llevar a cabo

she did her best: hizo todo lo posible

2) prepare: preparar, hacer

do your homework: haz tu tarea

3) arrange: arreglar, peinar (el pelo)

4)

to do in ruin: estropear, arruinar

5)

to do in kill: matar, liquidar fam

do vi

1) : hacer

you did well: hiciste bien

2) fare: estar, ir, andar

how are you doing?: ¿cómo estás?, ¿cómo te va?

3) finish: terminar

now I'm done: ya terminé

4) serve: servir, ser suficiente, alcanzar

this will do for now: esto servirá por el momento

5)

to do away with abolish: abolir, suprimir

6)

to do away with kill: eliminar, matar

7)

to do by treat: tratar

he does well by her: él la trata bien

do v aux

1) (used in interrogative sentences and negative statements)

do you know her?: ¿la conoces?

I don't like that: a mí no me gusta eso

2) (used for emphasis)

I do hope you'll come: espero que vengas

3) (used as a substitute verb to avoid repetition)

do you speak English? yes, I do: ¿habla inglés? sí

do (sth.) in (To destroy)

expr.

• cargarse v.

• eliminar v.

• liquidar v.

do (sth.) in a picky way

expr.

• buscarle tres pies al gato expr.

• encontrarle defectos a todo expr.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: did, done) = arreglar v.

• desempeñar v.

• ejecutar v.

• hacer v.

(§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-

pp: hecho

fut/c: har-•)

• obrar v.

• resolver v.

I
1. duː, weak form dʊ, də
(3rd pers sing pres does; pres doing; past did; past p done) transitive verb

1) hacer*

do something! — haz algo!

are you doing anything this evening? — ¿vas a hacer algo esta noche?

to have something/nothing to do — tener* algo/no tener* nada que hacer

it was a silly thing to do — fue una estupidez

can I do anything to help? — ¿puedo ayudar en algo?

he does a lot for charity — trabaja mucho para obras de caridad

what have you done to your hair? — ¿qué te has hecho en el pelo?

I don't know what I'm going to do with you! — no sé qué voy a hacer contigo!; see also do with

2) ( carry out) \<\<job/task\>\> hacer*

to do one's homework — hacer* los deberes

to do the cooking — cocinar

let me do the talking — déjame hablar a mí

well done! — muy bien!

3) ( as job)

what do you do? — ¿usted qué hace or a qué se dedica?

what does he do for a living? — ¿en qué trabaja?

4) (achieve, bring about)

she's done it: it's a new world record — lo ha logrado: es una nueva marca mundial

it was climbing those stairs that did it — fue por subir esa escalera

now you've done it! — ahora sí que la has hecho buena! (iró)

he's late again: that does it! — vuelve a llegar tarde esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!

to do something for somebody/something: that mustache really does something for him la verdad es que le queda muy bien el bigote; what has EC membership done for Greece? — ¿en qué ha beneficiado a Grecia ser miembro de la CE?

5)

a) (fix, arrange, repair)

I have to do my nails — me tengo que arreglar las uñas

she had her hair done — se hizo peinar

b) ( clean) \<\<dishes\>\> lavar; \<\<brass/windows\>\> limpiar

6) (make, produce)

a) \<\<meal\>\> preparar, hacer*

would you do the carrots? — ¿me preparas (or pelas etc) las zanahorias?

b) \<\<drawinganslation\>\> hacer*

he doesn't do live concerts any more — ya no da más conciertos en vivo

7) (BrE) ( offer)

they do a set meal for £12 — tienen un menú de 12 libras

8) (suffice for, suit)

two shirts will do me — con dos camisas me alcanza or tengo suficiente

9) ( travel)

he was doing 100 mph — iba a 100 millas por hora

the car has only done 4,000 miles — el coche sólo tiene 4.000 millas

10)

a) ( study) estudiar

we're doing Balzac — estamos estudiando Balzac

b) ( visit) (colloq) \<\<sights/museum\>\> visitar

we did Europe last year — el año pasado recorrimos Europa

11) ( Theat)

a) ( play role of) hacer* el papel de

b) ( take part in) \<\<play\>\> actuar* en

c) ( impersonate) imitar

12) (colloq) ( serve in prison) cumplir

he's doing eight years for armed robbery — está cumpliendo ocho años por atraco a mano armada

13) (BrE colloq)

a) (catch, prosecute) agarrar

he was done for speeding — le encajaron una multa por exceso de velocidad (fam)

b) ( cheat) estafar, timar

I've been done! — me han estafado or timado!

14) ( use) (sl)

to do drugs — drogarse*, consumir drogas

15) (colloq) ( finish) terminar

are o (esp BrE) have you done complaining? — ¿has terminado de quejarte?

2.

vi

1) (act, behave) hacer*

do as you're told! — haz lo que se te dice!

2) (get along, manage)

how are you doing? — ¿qué tal estás or andas or te va?

how do you do? — ( as greeting) mucho gusto, encantado

how do? — (colloq & dial) ¿qué tal?

how are we doing for time/cash? — ¿cómo or qué tal vamos or andamos de tiempo/dinero?

she did well/badly in her exams — le fue bien/mal en los exámenes

he's done well for himself — ha sabido abrirse camino

to do well/badly out of something — salir* bien/mal parado de algo

3) (go on, happen) (colloq) (in -ing form)

there's nothing doing in town — no pasa nada en el pueblo

nothing doing! — ni hablar!, ni lo sueñes!

4)

a) (be suitable, acceptable)

look, this won't do! — mira, esto no puede ser!

it's not ideal, but it'll do — no es lo ideal, pero sirve

I'm not going to cook, bread and cheese will do for them! — no pienso cocinar, se tendrán que conformar con pan y queso

it doesn't do to get emotional — no hay que ponerse sentimental

b)

to do for o as something: this box will do for o as a table — esta caja nos servirá de mesa

5) ( be enough) ser* suficiente, alcanzar*, bastar

one bottle will do — con una botella basta or es suficiente

one egg will do for me — un huevo es suficiente para mí

that'll do! shut up! — basta! cállate la boca!

6) ( finish) (in past p) terminar

I'm not o (BrE) I haven't done yet! — no he terminado todavía

7)

his concern to do well by his son — su preocupación por hacer todo lo posible por su hijo

do as you would be done by — trata a los demás como tú quisieras ser tratado

3.

1) Sense I

v aux [El verbo auxiliar do se usa para formar el negativo (I 1) y el interrogativo (I 2), para agregar énfasis (I 3) o para sustituir a un verbo usado anteriormente (II)]

2)

a) (used to form negative)

I do not o don't know — no sé

I did not o didn't see her — no la vi

do not touch! — no tocar

b) (with inversion after negative adv)

3)

a)

(used to form interrogative)

Ex:

does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?

did I frighten you? — ¿te asusté?

/Ex:

b)

(in exclamations)

Ex:

doesn't it make you sick! — dime si no es asqueante!

boy, do you need a bath! — Dios mío! qué falta te hace un baño!

/Ex:

4)

a)

( emphasizing)

Ex:

you do exaggerate! — cómo exageras!

you must admit, she did look ill — tienes que reconocer que tenía mala cara

do be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?

do please help yourself — sírvete por favor

/Ex:

b)

( expressing alternatives)

Ex:

I haven't decided, but if I do accept... — todavía no lo he decidido, pero si aceptara...

/Ex:

not once did he apologize — no se disculpó ni siquiera una vez

not only does it cost more, it also... — no sólo cuesta más, sino que también...

c) ( in legal formulae)

Sense II

5)

(in elliptical uses)

Ex:

do you live here? - yes, I do/no, I don't — ¿vives aquí? - sí/no

she wanted to come, but he didn't — ella quería venir, pero él no

she found it in your drawer - oh, did she? — lo encontró en tu cajón - ¿ah, sí?

I don't need a haircut - yes, you do! — no necesito cortarme el pelo - cómo que no!

she says she understands, but she doesn't — dice que comprende, pero no es así

I play the guitar - so do I — toco la guitarra - yo también

I don't like her music - I do — no me gusta su música - a mí sí

/Ex:

6)

(in tag questions)

Ex:

you know Bob, don't you? — conoces a Bob, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?

I told you, didn't I? — te lo dije ¿no? or ¿no es cierto?

/Ex:

I, Charles Brown, do solemnly swear that... — yo, Charles Brown, juro solemnemente que...

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- do away with

- do down

- do for

- do in

- do out

- do out of

- do over

- do up

- do with

- do without

II duː
noun (pl dos)

1) c (party, gathering) (colloq) fiesta f, reunión f

2) ( state of affairs) (colloq) (no pl)

fair dos — (BrE colloq)

fair dos all round — a partes iguales para todos; (as interj) seamos justos!

3)

do's and don'ts — ( rules) normas fpl

the do's and don'ts of foreign travel — qué hacer y qué evitar cuando se viaja al extranjero

III dəʊ
noun (pl dos) ( Mus) do m

I [duː] ( 3rd pers sing present does) (pt did) (pp done)
1. TRANSITIVE VERB

1) hacer

what are you doing tonight? — ¿qué haces esta noche?

I would never do a thing like that — yo nunca haría una cosa así

what's this doing on my chair? — ¿qué hace esto en mi silla?

I've got nothing to do — no tengo nada que hacer

he does nothing but complain — no hace más que quejarse

what's to be done? — ¿qué se puede hacer?

what's the weather doing? — ¿qué tal tiempo hace?

• to do sth again — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo de nuevo

it will have to be done again — habrá que volver a hacerlo, habrá que hacerlo de nuevo

• what's he ever done for me? — ¿qué ha hecho él por mí?

what can I do for you? — ¿en qué puedo servirle?, ¿qué se le ofrece? (LAm)

could you do something for me? — ¿me podrías hacer un favor?

what are we going to do for money? — ¿de dónde vamos a sacar dinero?

that dress doesn't do a lot for you * — este vestido no te queda muy bien

the new measures will do a lot for small businesses — las nuevas medidas serán de gran ayuda para las pequeñas empresas

after the accident she couldn't do much for herself — después del accidente casi no podía valerse por sí misma

• if you do anything to him I'll kill you — si le haces algo te mato

what's he done to his hair? — ¿qué se ha hecho en el pelo?

I could see what the stress was doing to him — era evidente cómo le estaba afectando el estrés

• what have you done with my slippers? — ¿dónde has puesto mis zapatillas?

what am I going to do with you? — ¿qué voy a hacer contigo?

what are you doing with yourself these days? — ¿qué haces ahora?

what am I going to do with myself for the rest of the day? — ¿qué puedo hacer el resto del día?

she didn't know what to do with herself once the children had left home — se encontró un poco perdida cuando sus hijos se fueron de casa
living 2., 1)
2) (=carry out) [+ work, essay] hacer

the work is being done by a local builder — un albañil de la zona está haciendo el trabajo

I've got a few jobs that need doing around the house — tengo algunas cosas que hacer en la casa

she was doing the crossword — estaba haciendo el crucigrama

to do the washing — hacer la colada
Some [do] + noun combinations require a more specific Spanish verb:
• Edmund does all the accounts — Edmund se encarga de or lleva la contabilidad

• to do the cooking — cocinar

• he did a drawing/ portrait of her — la dibujó/retrató, hizo un dibujo/retrato de ella

• to do one's duty (by sb) — cumplir con su deber (con algn)

• to do the ironing — planchar

• we did a lot of talking — hablamos mucho

3) (=clean)

• to do the dishes — lavar los platos

• to do the silver — limpiar la plata

• to do one's teeth — lavarse los dientes

4) (=arrange, prepare) [+ vegetables] preparar; [+ room] hacer, arreglar

this room needs doing — hay que hacer or arreglar esta habitación

• to do the flowers — arreglar las flores

• to do one's nails — hacerse or arreglarse las uñas
hair 1., 1)
5) (=spend) pasar

he did six years (in jail) — pasó seis años en la cárcel

he did two years as ambassador in Lagos — estuvo dos años como embajador en Lagos

I did five years as a policeman — fui policía durante cinco años

they have to do two years military service — tienen que hacer dos años de servicio militar

6) (=finish)

I've only done three pages — solo he hecho tres páginas

now you've (gone and) done it! * — ¡ahora sí que la has hecho buena! *

that's done it! * we're stuck now — ¡la hemos fastidiado! * ahora no podemos salir de aquí

that does it! * that's the last time I lend him my car — ¡es el colmo! or ¡hasta aquí hemos llegado!, es la última vez que le dejo el coche

have you done moaning? * — ¿has acabado de quejarte?
good 2., 2)
7) (=offer, make available)

they do a summer course in painting — dan un curso de verano de pintura

we only do one make of gloves — solo tenemos una marca de guantes

they do an estate version of this car — fabrican un modelo familiar de este coche

we do evening meals if ordered in advance — servimos cenas si se encargan con antelación

I can do you a discount on this model — le puedo hacer un descuento en este modelo

8) (=study) [+ university course, option] hacer, estudiar

I want to do Physics at university — quiero hacer or estudiar física en la universidad

to do Italian — hacer or estudiar italiano

we're doing Orwell this term — estamos estudiando a Orwell este trimestre

9) (Theat) [+ play] representar, poner; [+ part] hacer

he did King Lear in a BBC production — hizo (el papel) de King Lear en una producción de la BBC

10) (=mimic) [+ person] imitar

he does his maths master to perfection — imita a su profesor de matemáticas a la perfección

she was doing the worried mother bit ** — hacía el numerito de la típica madre preocupada *

11) (Aut, Rail etc) (=travel at) [+ speed] ir a; (=cover) [+ distance] cubrir

the car can do 100 miles per hour — el coche puede ir a 100 millas por hora

the car was doing 100 miles per hour — el coche iba a 100 millas por hora

we've done 200km already — ya hemos hecho 200km

we did London to Edinburgh in 8 hours — fuimos de Londres a Edimburgo en 8 horas

12) (=attend to)

the barber said he'd do me next — el barbero dijo que después me tocaría a mí

they do you very well in this hotel — en este hotel te dan muy buen servicio
proud
13) * (=visit) [+ city, museum] visitar, recorrer; [+ country] visitar, viajar por

we did six countries in an 8-week tour — visitamos seis países durante un viaje de 8 semanas

14) * (=be suitable, sufficient for)

will a kilo do you? — ¿le va bien un kilo?

that'll do me nicely — (=be suitable) eso me vendrá muy bien; (=suffice) con eso me basta

15) * (=cheat) estafar, timar; (=rob) robar

I've been done! — ¡me han estafado or timado!

16) * (=prosecute) procesar; (=fine) multar

she was done for shoplifting — la procesaron por robar en una tienda

he was done for speeding — le multaron por exceso de velocidad

17) * (=beat up) dar una paliza a

I'll do you if I get hold of you! — ¡te voy a dar una paliza como te pille!

2. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1) (=act) hacer

do as I do — haz como yo

• you would do better to accept — sería aconsejable que aceptaras

• he did right — hizo lo correcto

• do as you think best — haga lo que mejor le parezca

• do as you are told! — ¡haz lo que te digo!

• she was up and doing at 6 o'clock — a las 6 de la mañana ya estaba levantada y trajinando

• you would do well to take his advice — harías bien en seguir su consejo

• you could do a lot worse than marry her — casarte con ella no es lo peor que podrías hacer
well I, 1., 1)
2) (=get on)

• he did badly in the exam — le fue mal en el examen

the team hasn't done badly this season — al equipo no le ha ido mal esta temporada

you didn't do so badly — no lo has hecho del todo mal

• you can do better than that — (essay, drawing) puedes hacerlo mejor; iro (=find better excuse) ¡y qué más!

• how is your father doing? — ¿cómo está tu padre?, ¿cómo le va a tu padre?

how are you doing? * — ¿qué tal?, ¿cómo te va?

how did you do in the audition? — ¿qué tal or cómo te fue en la audición?

• he's doing well at school — le va bien en el colegio

her son's doing well for himself — a su hijo le van muy bien las cosas

his business is doing well — los negocios le van bien

the patient is doing well — el paciente está respondiendo bien

the roses are doing well this year — las rosas han florecido muy bien este año
how do you do? (greeting) ¿cómo está usted?, gusto en conocerlo (LAm); (as answer) ¡mucho gusto!, ¡encantado!
3) (=be suitable)

• it doesn't do to upset her — cuidado con ofenderla

• will this one do? — ¿te parece bien este?

this room will do — esta habitación ya me va bien

will it do if I come back at eight? — ¿va bien si vuelvo a las ocho?

will tomorrow do? — ¿iría bien mañana?

it's not exactly what I wanted, but it will or it'll do — no es exactamente lo que quería pero servirá

this coat will do as a blanket — este abrigo servirá de manta

that will have to do — tendremos que conformarnos con eso

• that won't do, you'll have to do it again — así no está bien, tendrás que volver a hacerlo

• you can't go on your own, that would never do! — no podemos consentir que vayas sola, ¡eso no puede ser!
make 1., 4)
4) (=be sufficient) bastar

• three bottles of wine should do — bastará con tres botellas de vino

• will £20 do? — ¿bastarán 20 libras?, ¿tendrás bastante con 20 libras?

that'll do — con eso basta

that will do! — ¡basta ya!

that will do for the moment — de momento ya está bien

5) (=happen)

there's not much doing in this town — no hay mucha animación en esta ciudad

"could you lend me £50?" - "nothing doing!" — -¿me podrías prestar 50 libras? -¡de ninguna manera! or -¡ni hablar!

6) * (=finish) (in past tenses only) terminar, acabar

have you done? — ¿ya has terminado or acabado?

don't take it away, I've not done yet — no te lo lleves, ¡aún no he terminado or acabado!

I haven't done telling you — ¡no he terminado de contarte!

• I've done with travelling — ya no voy a viajar más, he renunciado a los viajes

I've done with all that nonsense — ya no tengo nada que ver or ya he terminado con todas esas tonterías

have you done with that book? — ¿has terminado con este libro?

7) * (=clean) hacer la limpieza (en casa)

I've got a lady who does for me — tengo una señora que me viene a hacer la limpieza en la casa

3. AUXILIARY VERB
There is no equivalent in Spanish to the use of in questions, negative statements and negative commands.
1) (in questions)

do you understand? — ¿comprendes?, ¿entiendes?

where does he live? — ¿dónde vive?

didn't you like it? — ¿no te gustó?

why didn't you come? — ¿por qué no viniste?

2) (negation)

I don't understand — no entiendo or comprendo

don't let's argue — no discutamos

don't worry! — ¡no te preocupes!

don't you tell me what to do! — ¡no me digas lo que tengo que hacer!

she did not go — no fue

3) (for emphasis)

do tell me! — ¡dímelo, por favor!

do sit down — siéntese, por favor, tome asiento, por favor frm

she does look lovely in that dress — está preciosa con este vestido

I do hope so — así lo espero

I do wish I could come with you — ¡ojalá pudiera ir contigo!

but I do like it! — ¡sí que me gusta!, ¡por supuesto que me gusta!

so you do know him! — ¡así que sí lo conoces!

but I did do it — pero sí que lo hice

4) (with inversion)

rarely does it happen that... — rara vez ocurre que...

not once did they offer to pay — no se ofrecieron a pagar ni una sola vez

5) (verb substitute)

a)

you speak better than I do — tú hablas mejor que yo

"did you fix the car?" - "I did" — -¿arreglaste el coche? -sí

"I love it" - "so do I" — -me encanta -a mí también

I don't like sport and neither does he — no me gusta el deporte ni a él tampoco

you didn't see him but I did — tú no lo viste pero yo sí

I told him he'd fail and he did — le dije que iba a suspender y suspendió

he went for a walk as he often did — fue a dar un paseo como solía hacer

she always says she'll come but she never does — siempre dice que vendrá pero nunca viene

"he borrowed the car" - "oh he did, did he?" — -pidió el coche prestado -¿ah sí? ¡no me digas!

I like this colour, don't you? — me gusta este color, ¿a ti no?

"do you speak English?" - "yes, I do/no I don't" — -¿habla usted inglés? -sí, hablo inglés/no, no hablo inglés

"may I come in?" - "(please) do!" — -¿se puede pasar? -¡pasa (por favor)!

"who made this mess?" - "I did" — -¿quién lo ha desordenado todo? -fui yo

"shall I ring her again?" - "no, don't!" — -¿la llamo otra vez? -¡no, no la llames!

b) (in question tags)

he lives here, doesn't he? — vive aquí, ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto? or ¿no?

I don't know him, do I? — no lo conozco, ¿verdad?

it doesn't matter, does it? — no importa, ¿no?

she said that, did she? — ¿eso es lo que dijo?

4. NOUN

1) (Brit) * (=party) fiesta f ; (=formal gathering) reunión f

they had a big do for their twenty-fifth anniversary — dieron una gran fiesta por su vigésimo quinto aniversario

2) (in phrases)

• the do's and don'ts of buying a house — lo que debe y lo que no debe hacerse al comprar una casa

he gave us a series of dos and don'ts — nos explicó lo que podíamos y lo que no podíamos hacer

• fair dos! * — (=be fair) ¡hay que ser justo!, ¡seamos justos!; (=fair shares) ¡a partes iguales!

• it's a poor do when... — es una vergüenza cuando...

- do away with

- do by

- do down

- do for

- do in

- do out

- do over

- do up

- do with

- do without

II

[dǝʊ]
N (Mus) do m
* * *

I
1. [duː], weak form [dʊ, də]
(3rd pers sing pres does; pres doing; past did; past p done) transitive verb

1) hacer*

do something! — haz algo!

are you doing anything this evening? — ¿vas a hacer algo esta noche?

to have something/nothing to do — tener* algo/no tener* nada que hacer

it was a silly thing to do — fue una estupidez

can I do anything to help? — ¿puedo ayudar en algo?

he does a lot for charity — trabaja mucho para obras de caridad

what have you done to your hair? — ¿qué te has hecho en el pelo?

I don't know what I'm going to do with you! — no sé qué voy a hacer contigo!; see also do with

2) ( carry out) \<\<job/task\>\> hacer*

to do one's homework — hacer* los deberes

to do the cooking — cocinar

let me do the talking — déjame hablar a mí

well done! — muy bien!

3) ( as job)

what do you do? — ¿usted qué hace or a qué se dedica?

what does he do for a living? — ¿en qué trabaja?

4) (achieve, bring about)

she's done it: it's a new world record — lo ha logrado: es una nueva marca mundial

it was climbing those stairs that did it — fue por subir esa escalera

now you've done it! — ahora sí que la has hecho buena! (iró)

he's late again: that does it! — vuelve a llegar tarde esto ya es la gota que colma el vaso!

to do something for somebody/something: that mustache really does something for him la verdad es que le queda muy bien el bigote; what has EC membership done for Greece? — ¿en qué ha beneficiado a Grecia ser miembro de la CE?

5)

a) (fix, arrange, repair)

I have to do my nails — me tengo que arreglar las uñas

she had her hair done — se hizo peinar

b) ( clean) \<\<dishes\>\> lavar; \<\<brass/windows\>\> limpiar

6) (make, produce)

a) \<\<meal\>\> preparar, hacer*

would you do the carrots? — ¿me preparas (or pelas etc) las zanahorias?

b) \<\<drawing/translation\>\> hacer*

he doesn't do live concerts any more — ya no da más conciertos en vivo

7) (BrE) ( offer)

they do a set meal for £12 — tienen un menú de 12 libras

8) (suffice for, suit)

two shirts will do me — con dos camisas me alcanza or tengo suficiente

9) ( travel)

he was doing 100 mph — iba a 100 millas por hora

the car has only done 4,000 miles — el coche sólo tiene 4.000 millas

10)

a) ( study) estudiar

we're doing Balzac — estamos estudiando Balzac

b) ( visit) (colloq) \<\<sights/museum\>\> visitar

we did Europe last year — el año pasado recorrimos Europa

11) ( Theat)

a) ( play role of) hacer* el papel de

b) ( take part in) \<\<play\>\> actuar* en

c) ( impersonate) imitar

12) (colloq) ( serve in prison) cumplir

he's doing eight years for armed robbery — está cumpliendo ocho años por atraco a mano armada

13) (BrE colloq)

a) (catch, prosecute) agarrar

he was done for speeding — le encajaron una multa por exceso de velocidad (fam)

b) ( cheat) estafar, timar

I've been done! — me han estafado or timado!

14) ( use) (sl)

to do drugs — drogarse*, consumir drogas

15) (colloq) ( finish) terminar

are o (esp BrE) have you done complaining? — ¿has terminado de quejarte?

2.

vi

1) (act, behave) hacer*

do as you're told! — haz lo que se te dice!

2) (get along, manage)

how are you doing? — ¿qué tal estás or andas or te va?

how do you do? — ( as greeting) mucho gusto, encantado

how do? — (colloq & dial) ¿qué tal?

how are we doing for time/cash? — ¿cómo or qué tal vamos or andamos de tiempo/dinero?

she did well/badly in her exams — le fue bien/mal en los exámenes

he's done well for himself — ha sabido abrirse camino

to do well/badly out of something — salir* bien/mal parado de algo

3) (go on, happen) (colloq) (in -ing form)

there's nothing doing in town — no pasa nada en el pueblo

nothing doing! — ni hablar!, ni lo sueñes!

4)

a) (be suitable, acceptable)

look, this won't do! — mira, esto no puede ser!

it's not ideal, but it'll do — no es lo ideal, pero sirve

I'm not going to cook, bread and cheese will do for them! — no pienso cocinar, se tendrán que conformar con pan y queso

it doesn't do to get emotional — no hay que ponerse sentimental

b)

to do for o as something: this box will do for o as a table — esta caja nos servirá de mesa

5) ( be enough) ser* suficiente, alcanzar*, bastar

one bottle will do — con una botella basta or es suficiente

one egg will do for me — un huevo es suficiente para mí

that'll do! shut up! — basta! cállate la boca!

6) ( finish) (in past p) terminar

I'm not o (BrE) I haven't done yet! — no he terminado todavía

7)

his concern to do well by his son — su preocupación por hacer todo lo posible por su hijo

do as you would be done by — trata a los demás como tú quisieras ser tratado

3.

1) Sense I

v aux [El verbo auxiliar do se usa para formar el negativo (I 1) y el interrogativo (I 2), para agregar énfasis (I 3) o para sustituir a un verbo usado anteriormente (II)]

2)

a) (used to form negative)

I do not o don't know — no sé

I did not o didn't see her — no la vi

do not touch! — no tocar

b) (with inversion after negative adv)

3)

a)

(used to form interrogative)

Ex:

does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?

did I frighten you? — ¿te asusté?

/Ex:

b)

(in exclamations)

Ex:

doesn't it make you sick! — dime si no es asqueante!

boy, do you need a bath! — Dios mío! qué falta te hace un baño!

/Ex:

4)

a)

( emphasizing)

Ex:

you do exaggerate! — cómo exageras!

you must admit, she did look ill — tienes que reconocer que tenía mala cara

do be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?

do please help yourself — sírvete por favor

/Ex:

b)

( expressing alternatives)

Ex:

I haven't decided, but if I do accept... — todavía no lo he decidido, pero si aceptara...

/Ex:

not once did he apologize — no se disculpó ni siquiera una vez

not only does it cost more, it also... — no sólo cuesta más, sino que también...

c) ( in legal formulae)

Sense II

5)

(in elliptical uses)

Ex:

do you live here? - yes, I do/no, I don't — ¿vives aquí? - sí/no

she wanted to come, but he didn't — ella quería venir, pero él no

she found it in your drawer - oh, did she? — lo encontró en tu cajón - ¿ah, sí?

I don't need a haircut - yes, you do! — no necesito cortarme el pelo - cómo que no!

she says she understands, but she doesn't — dice que comprende, pero no es así

I play the guitar - so do I — toco la guitarra - yo también

I don't like her music - I do — no me gusta su música - a mí sí

/Ex:

6)

(in tag questions)

Ex:

you know Bob, don't you? — conoces a Bob, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?

I told you, didn't I? — te lo dije ¿no? or ¿no es cierto?

/Ex:

I, Charles Brown, do solemnly swear that... — yo, Charles Brown, juro solemnemente que...

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- do away with

- do down

- do for

- do in

- do out

- do out of

- do over

- do up

- do with

- do without

II [duː]
noun (pl dos)

1) c (party, gathering) (colloq) fiesta f, reunión f

2) ( state of affairs) (colloq) (no pl)

fair dos — (BrE colloq)

fair dos all round — a partes iguales para todos; (as interj) seamos justos!

3)

do's and don'ts — ( rules) normas fpl

the do's and don'ts of foreign travel — qué hacer y qué evitar cuando se viaja al extranjero

III [dəʊ]
noun (pl dos) ( Mus) do m

English-spanish dictionary > do
14 cover

cover [ˈkʌvə^r]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. transitive verb

3. compounds

4. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. (for protection) (over furniture) housse f ; (over merchandise, vehicle) bâche f ; [of lens] bouchon m ; [of book] couverture f ; ( = lid) couvercle m

• to read a book from cover to cover lire un livre de la première à la dernière page

• under separate cover sous pli séparé

   b. ( = bedcover) dessus-de-lit m inv

• the covers ( = bedclothes) les couvertures fpl

   c. ( = shelter) abri m

• to break cover [animal] débusquer ; [hunted person] sortir à découvert

• to run for cover courir se mettre à l'abri

• his critics are already running for cover c'est déjà le sauve-qui-peut général parmi ses détracteurs

• to take cover ( = shelter) s'abriter

• to take cover from the rain se mettre à l'abri de la pluie

► under cover à l'abri

• to get under cover se mettre à l'abri

• under cover of darkness à la faveur de la nuit

   d. (British Insurance) couverture f

• full cover assurance f tous risques

• fire cover assurance-incendie f

• the cover ends on 5 July le contrat d'assurances expire le 5 juillet

   e. ( = means of concealing) couverture f

• the conference was a cover for an illegal political gathering la conférence servait de couverture à un rassemblement politique illégal

• to blow sb's cover démasquer qn

   f. (Music) reprise f

2. transitive verb

   a. couvrir ( with de ) ; (all over) recouvrir ( with de)

• he covered the paper with scribbles il a couvert la page de gribouillages

• cover the bowl with clingfilm recouvrir le saladier de film alimentaire

• a black patch covered his left eye un bandeau noir recouvrait son œil gauche

• his face was covered with spots son visage était couvert de boutons

• the walls were covered with posters les murs étaient couverts d'affiches

• he covered his face with his hands il a caché son visage dans ses mains

• to cover one's tracks brouiller les pistes

• the soldiers covered our retreat les soldats ont couvert notre retraite

• his men kept him covered ses hommes le couvraient

• he said that to cover himself il a dit cela pour se couvrir

► to cover for or against sth (Insurance)

it doesn't cover you for or against flood damage vous n'êtes pas couvert contre les dégâts des eaux

• it covers for fire only cela ne couvre que l'incendie

• what does your travel insurance cover you for? que couvre votre assurance voyage ?

   b. ( = point gun at) braquer un revolver sur

• I've got you covered! ne bougez pas ou je tire !

   c. [+ opposing player] marquer

   d. [+ distance] parcourir

• we covered 8km in two hours nous avons parcouru 8 km en deux heures

• we covered 300 miles on one tank of petrol nous avons fait 300 miles avec un plein d'essence

• to cover a lot of ground (travelling) faire beaucoup de chemin ; ( = deal with many subjects) traiter un large éventail de questions

   e. ( = be sufficient for) couvrir

• $50 will cover everything 50 dollars suffiront (à couvrir toutes les dépenses)

• to cover one's costs rentrer dans ses frais

   f. ( = deal with) traiter

• the book covers the subject thoroughly le livre traite le sujet à fond

• the course covers nutrition and exercise le stage traite de la nutrition et de l'exercice physique

• his speech covered most of the points raised son discours a couvert la plupart des questions

• no law covers a situation like that aucune loi ne prévoit une telle situation

   g. (Press) couvrir

• he was sent to cover the riots on l'a envoyé couvrir les émeutes

• all the papers covered the story tous les journaux ont couvert l'affaire

   h. (Music) reprendre

• to cover a song reprendre une chanson

3. compounds

► cover charge noun couvert m (prix)

► cover letter noun (US) lettre f d'accompagnement

► cover-mounted adjective [cassette, CD] donné en prime

► cover note noun (British) attestation f provisoire d'assurance

► cover-up noun

• there's been a cover-up on a tenté d'étouffer l'affaire ► cover version noun reprise f

4. Phrasal Verbs

► cover for inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = protect) [+ person] protéger ; (Insurance)

[+ risk] couvrir

• why would she cover for him if he's trying to kill her? pourquoi le protégerait-elle s'il veut la tuer ?

   b. ( = stand in for) remplacer► cover up

1. intransitive verb

   a. se couvrir

   b. to cover up for sb couvrir qn

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ object] recouvrir ; [+ child] couvrir

   b. ( = hide) dissimuler ; [+ affair] étouffer

* * *
['kʌvə(r)] 1.
noun

1) (protective lid, sheath) couverture f; (for duvet, typewriter, cushion) housse f; (for umbrella, blade, knife) fourreau m

2) ( blanket) couverture f

3) (of book, magazine) couverture f; ( of record) pochette f

on the cover — ( of book) sur la couverture; ( of magazine) en couverture

from cover to cover — de la première à la dernière page

4) ( shelter) abri m

take cover! — aux abris!

under cover — à l'abri

under cover of darkness — à la faveur de la nuit

5) (for spy, crime) couverture f ( for pour)

to blow somebody's cover — (colloq) griller (colloq) quelqu'un

6) Military couverture f

air cover — couverture aérienne

to give somebody cover — couvrir quelqu'un

7) ( replacement) (for teacher, doctor) remplacement m

to provide emergency cover — offrir un service d'urgence

8) ( insurance) assurance f ( for pour; against contre)

to give or provide cover against — garantir contre
2.
transitive verb

1) ( conceal or protect) couvrir ( with avec); recouvrir [cushion, sofa, corpse] ( with de)

2) ( coat) recouvrir [ground, surface, person, cake] ( with de)

to be covered in glory — être couvert de gloire

3) ( be all over) [litter, graffiti, bruises] couvrir

covered in spots/litter — couvert de boutons/papiers

4) ( travel over) parcourir [distance, area]; ( extend over) s'étendre sur [area]

to cover a lot of miles — faire beaucoup de kilomètres

5) (deal with, include) [article, speaker] traiter; [term] englober; [teacher] faire; [rule, law] s'appliquer à; [department] s'occuper de; [rep] couvrir

6) ( report on) [journalist] couvrir

covered live on BBC1 — diffusé en direct par BBC1

7) ( pay for) couvrir [costs]; combler [loss]

£20 should cover it — 20 livres sterling devraient suffire

to cover one's costs — rentrer dans ses frais

8) ( insure) assurer, couvrir [person, possession] (for, against contre; for doing pour faire)

9) Military, Sport couvrir

I've got you covered! — ( threat) ne bougez pas ou je tire!

to cover one's back — fig se couvrir

10) ( conceal) cacher [ignorance]; masquer [smell]
3.
reflexive verb

to cover oneself — se protéger ( against contre)
4.
- covered

snow-covered — couvert de neige

chocolate-covered — enrobé de chocolat
5.
covered past participle adjective [market, porch] couvert; [dish] à couvercle

Phrasal Verbs:

- cover for

- cover over

- cover up

English-French dictionary > cover
15 draft

[drɑ:ft, Am dræft] n

1) ( preliminary version) Entwurf m;

first \draft erster Entwurf, Konzept nt;

preliminary \draft Vorentwurf m;

rough \draft Rohfassung f, Rohentwurf m

2) no pl ( esp Am) ( military conscription) Einberufung f, Einziehung f;

\draft card Einberufungsbescheid m;

\draft order Einberufungsbefehl m

3) no pl ( esp Am) ( conscripted persons) Wehrpflichtige mpl, Rekruten mpl

4) ( esp Brit) econ, fin Zahlungsanweisung f, [gezogener] Wechsel, Tratte f fachspr;

banker's \draft Bankscheck m;

\draft at sight Sichtwechsel m

5) (Am) → draught n

modifier

1) ( preliminary) Entwurfs-;

\draft contract/ law Vertrags-/Gesetzentwurf m;

\draft letter Entwurf m eines Briefes [o Schreibens];

to be still in the \draft stages sich akk noch im Entwurfsstadium befinden

2) ( esp Am) ( relating to military conscription) Einberufungs-;

\draft board Wehrersatzbehörde f, Musterungskommission f;

district \draft board Kreiswehrersatzamt nt;

\draft exemption Befreiung f vom Wehrdienst vt

1) ( prepare)

to \draft sth etw entwerfen [o skizzieren];

to \draft a bill [or law] einen Gesetzentwurf verfassen;

to \draft a contract einen Vertrag aufsetzen;

to \draft a plan einen Plan entwerfen;

to \draft a proposal einen Vorschlag ausarbeiten

2) ( esp Am) mil

to \draft sb jdn einziehen [o einberufen];

to \draft sb into the army jdn zum Wehrdienst einberufen

English-German students dictionary > draft
16 unravel

•• * Фраза из статьи в New York Times лишний раз напомнила о том, что в двуязычных словарях, да и в большинстве толковых, очень неполно (а стало быть с искажением его смысловой структуры) дается слово to unravel:

•• One of the few successful post-9/11 terror prosecutions – a case in Detroit – seems to be unraveling.
•• Очевидно, что это ближе всего к словосочетанию, которое нередко встречается в наших СМИ: дело разваливается/рассыпается. По той же модели – словосочетание negotiations unraveled:
•• Nearly five years of negotiations unraveled in June for reasons still being hotly debated – the post-Sept. 11 chill, U.S. policy in the Middle East and squabbles over profit margins. (Washington Post) - Длившиеся почти пять лет переговоры закончились провалом/ни к чему не привели или Почти пять лет переговоров пошли прахом.
•• Переводы слова to unravel в двуязычных словарях (ABBYY Lingvo, БАРС) вряд ли могут удовлетворить переводчика. Это варианты (распутывать, выявлять, обнаруживать, открывать, разоблачать, разгадывать), которые в данном случае скорее могут увести его в сторону.
•• Кстати, встречающееся в аналогичных контекстах русское словосочетание развалить дело лучше всего передается как to ruin the case, хотя возможны и другие варианты – например, to scuttle the investigation (здесь сильнее подчеркивается преднамеренность развала).
•• Пример из сообщения агентства Reuters, где обращает на себя внимание значение слова case, отличающееся от его значения в первом примере:
•• Menzies Campbell, foreign affairs spokesman for Britain smaller opposition Liberal Democrats, said Powell’s comments were further evidence that the intelligence case for the war was “ unravelling” (сохраняю британскую орфографию с двумя l, на которую реагирует майкрософтовский «редактор»). – <...> высказывания Пауэлла еще раз свидетельствуют о том, что основанная на данных разведки аргументация в пользу войны рассыпается или данные разведки, на которых основывались аргументы в пользу войны, оказываются несостоятельными.
•• Еще одно вполне устоявшееся в английском языке и не отмеченное в двуязычных словарях значение глагола to unravel – выйти из-под контроля. Можно ли его считать оттенком значения,
•• указанного в предыдущем сообщении, – развалиться, рухнуть? Вопрос для меня открытый. Вот пример из сообщения агентства Associated Press:
•• Pena said if the situation in Iraq unravels, “the U.S. military will be faced with its own version of the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, where military action to suppress the insurgency creates more new insurgents – and an endless cycle of violence.” – <...> если ситуация в Ираке выйдет из-под контроля...

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > unravel
17 Economy

   Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.

   For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.

   Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.

   Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.

   During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.

   After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    See also Empire, Portuguese overseas.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy
18 Foreign policy

   The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.

   As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.

   Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."

   During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.

   During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.

   Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Foreign policy
19 Cody, Colonel Samuel Franklin

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. probably 6 March 1861 Texas, USA

d. 7 August 1913 Farnborough, England

[br]

American (naturalised British) aviation pioneer who made the first sustained aeroplane flight in Britain.

[br]

"Colonel" Cody was one of the most colourful and controversial characters in aviation history. He dressed as a cowboy, frequently rode a horse, and appeared on the music-hall stage as a sharpshooter. Cody lived in England from 1896 and became a British subject in 1909. He wrote a melodrama, The Klondyke Nugget, which was first performed in 1898, with Cody as the villain and his wife as the heroine. It was a great success and Cody made enough money to indulge in his hobby of flying large kites. Several man-lifting kites were being developed in the mid-1890s, primarily for military observation purposes. Captain B.S.F. Baden-Powell built multiple hexagonal kites in England, while Lawrence Hargrave, in Australia, developed a very successful boxkite. Cody's man-lifting kites were so good that the British Government engaged him to supply kites, and act as an instructor with the Royal Engineers at the Balloon Factory, Farnborough. Cody's kites were rather like a box-kite with wings and, indeed, some were virtually tethered gliders. In 1905 a Royal Engineer reached a record height of 2,600 ft (790 m) in one of Cody's kites. While at Farnborough, Cody assisted with the construction of the experimental airship "British Army Dirigible No. 1", later known as Nulli Secundus. Cody was on board for the first flight in 1907. In the same year, Cody fitted an engine to one of his kites and it flew with no one on board; he also built a free-flying glider version. He went on to build a powered aeroplane with an Antoinette engine and on 16 October 1908 made a flight of 1,390 ft (424 m) at Farnborough; this was the first real flight in Britain. During the following years, Cody's large "Flying Cathedral" became a popular sight at aviation meetings, and in 1911 his "Cathedral" was the only British aeroplane to complete the course in the Circuit of Britain Contest. In 1912 Cody won the first British Military Aeroplane competition (a similar aeroplane is preserved by the Science Museum, London). Unfortunately, Cody and a passenger were killed when his latest aeroplane crashed at Farnborough in 1913; because Cody was such a popular figure at Farnborough, the tree to which he sometimes tethered his aeroplane was preserved as a memorial.

Later, there was a great controversy over who the first person to make an aeroplane flight in Britain was, as A.V. Roe, Horatio Phillips and Cody had all made hops before October 1908; most historians, however, now accept that it was Cody. Cody's title of'Colonel' was unofficial, although it was used by King George V on one of several visits to see Cody's work.

[br]

Bibliography

Cody gave a lecture to the (Royal) Aeronautical Society which was published in their

Aeronautical Journal, London, January 1909.

Further Reading

P.B.Walker, 1971, Early Aviation at Farnborough, 2 vols, London (an authoritative source).

A.Gould Lee, 1965, The Flying Cathedral, London (biography). G.A.Broomfield, 1953, Pioneer of the Air, Aldershot (a less-reliable biography).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Cody, Colonel Samuel Franklin
20 Dunne, John William

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 2 December 1875 Co. Kildare, Ireland

d. 24 August 1949 Oxfordshire, England

[br]

Irish inventor who pioneered tailless aircraft designed to be inherently stable.

[br]

After serving in the British Army during the Boer War. Dunne returned home convinced that aeroplanes would be more suitable than balloons for reconnaissance work. He built models to test his ideas for a tailless design based on the winged seed of a Javanese climbing plant. In 1906 Dunne joined the staff of the Balloon Factory at Farnborough, where the Superintendent, Colonel J.E.Capper, was also interested in manned kites and aeroplanes. Since 1904 the colourful American "Colonel" S.F. Cody had been experimenting at Farnborough with manned kites, and in 1908 his "British Army Dirigible No. 1" made the first powered flight in Britain. Dunne's first swept-wing tailless glider was ready to fly in the spring of 1907, but it was deemed to be a military secret and flying it at Farnborough would be too public. Dunne, Colonel Capper and a team of army engineers took the glider to a remote site at Blair Atholl in Scotland for its test flights. It was not a great success, although it attracted snoopers, with the result that it was camouflaged. Powered versions made short hops in 1908, but then the War Office withdrew its support. Dunne and his associates set up a syndicate to continue the development of a new tailless aeroplane, the D 5; this was built by Short Brothers (see Short, Hugh Oswald) and flew successfully in 1910. It had combined elevators and ailerons on the wing tips (or elevons as they are now called when fitted to modern delta-winged aircraft). In 1913 an improved version of the D 5 was demonstrated in France, where the pilot left his cockpit and walked along the wing in flight. Dunne had proved his point and designed a stable aircraft, but his health was suffering and he retired. During the First World War, however, it was soon learned that military aircraft needed to be manoeuvrable rather than stable.

[br]

Bibliography

1913, "The theory of the Dunne aeroplane", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April).

After he left aviation, Dunne became well known for his writings on the nature of the universe and the interpretation of dreams. His best known-work was An Experiment

With Time (1927; and reprints).

Further Reading

P.B.Walker, 1971, Early Aviation at Farnborough, Vol. I, London; 1974, Vol. II (provides a detailed account of Dunne's early work; Vol. II is the more relevant).

P.Lewis, 1962, British Air craft 1809–1914, London (for details of Dunne's aircraft).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Dunne, John William

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